Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils of vegetable greenhouses in Shandong, China

Chai, Chao; Qian, Changli; Wu, Juan; Zeng, Lingzao; Chen, Qinghua; Zhu, Xiangwei; Ma, Dong; Ge, Wei

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.014

Cited by 71 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Some studies revealed that fruits and vegetables can be contaminated from water, soil, and air (e.g., wastes burning, industries, and urban activities) 26,27 . In addition, the obtained data approved that NAP, ACY, FLO, PHE, ANT, FLA, and PYR were analyzed in entire samples.…”

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confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: The Analysis and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Vegetables and Fruits Samples Marketed Tehran With Chemometric Approach

Khalili

Shariatifar

Dehghani

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The aim of current study was to evaluate the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration and probabilistic health risk in vegetables and fruits samples of Tehran city, Iran during 2018-2019 using magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged 0.040-0.084 and 0.121-0.253 μg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the highest PAH levels corresponded to acenaphthene (135.1±7.1µg/kg) and naphthalene (114.1±5.0 µg/kg) , whereas the lowest concentrations were those of Benzo(a)pyrene (not detected), Benzo(k)fluoranthene (not detected), Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (not detected), Benzo(b)fluoranthene (not detected) and Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (not detected). Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to evaluate the correlation between the type and amount of 16 PAHs with vegetables and fruits samples. The results of Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) revealed that the mean of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) in vegetables and fruits is 5.2E-05 and 7.7E-05 higher than the acceptable risk level (10-6). Finally, the highest ILCR in fruits and vegetables was related to cucumber (5.1E-04) and tomato (4.3E-04), respectively. Therefore, monitoring the PAHs concentrations in both groups of vegetables and fruits is necessary.

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confidence: 99%

WITHDRAWN: The Analysis and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Vegetables and Fruits Samples Marketed Tehran With Chemometric Approach

Khalili

Shariatifar

Dehghani

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The concentrations of ∑16PAHs in Taiyuan agricultural soil ranged from 132.82 to 6594.63 ng g −1 , with a mean of 924.05 ng g −1 . As shown in Figure 2 , ∑16PAHs of agricultural soil in Taiyuan was at moderate level, which was higher than that in YRD [ 33 ], Beijing [ 29 ], Xinzhou [ 15 ], and Shandong Province [ 34 ], China and Ulsan, South Korea [ 26 ] but lower than that in Nanjing [ 16 ], Changzhi [ 10 ], and Chengdu [ 35 ], China and Delhi, India [ 3 ]. The concentration of ∑16PAHs in agricultural soil in Taiyuan was comparable to that in Changzhi but higher than that in Xinzhou although the three cities all belonged to Shanxi province.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China

Cheng

Cui

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The quality of urban soil is closely related to the safety of public places and the guarantee of food quality. This study investigated the level, distribution, source, and carcinogenic risk of 16 U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban, agricultural, and montane soil in Taiyuan. The ∑16PAHs level varied from 104.78 to 6594.63 ng g−1 with a mean of 922.93 ng g−1, and 47.73% of the soil samples were severely contaminated, with a concentration higher than 600 ng g−1. PAHs with higher molecular weight (≥4 rings) were dominant in PAHs profiles accounting for 80.92%. In the spatial distribution of PAHs, hotspots of ∑16 PAHs were observed near the industries, indicating pollutants emitted by the industries directly affect the surrounding soil quality. The sources identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) indicated: coal combustion (40.77%), vehicle exhausts (32.94%), biomass combustion (14.89%), and coking source (11.40%). Coal-related sources (coal and coking sources) were the major contributors (52.17%) to PAHs and carcinogenic risk (46.48%) assessed by BaP toxic equivalent concentration in total soils. Therefore, the extensive usage of coal was the leading factor for PAH pollution and health risk in Taiyuan soil.

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“…In addition, the IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP) ratios were also used to identify coal/biomass and petroleum combustion. A ratio of <0.2 was attributed to petroleum sources, and a ratio of >0.5 was attributed to coal/biomass combustion sources [ 42 ]. The IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) of personal samples showed obvious seasonality with significant increases in the heating season (0.51 ± 0.02), which indicated that coal combustion was the main source of PAH emissions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycycl. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure of Children in Typical Household Coal Combustion Environments: Seasonal Variations, Sources, and Carcinogenic Risks

Liu

Qin

Wan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from the combustion of household solid coal for cooking and heating cause great harm to public health in China, especially in less developed areas. Children are one of the most susceptible population groups at risk of indoor air pollutants due to their immature respiratory and immune systems. However, information on PAH exposure of children is limited due to limited monitoring data. In this study, we aimed to assess the seasonal differences of PAHs in classrooms, analyze the pollutant sources, and calculate the incremental lifetime cancer risk attributable to PAHs in Shanxi Provence. A typical school using household coal combustion in Shanxi Province was selected. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)samples were collected by both individual samplers and fixed middle-flow samplers during the heating and non-heating seasons in December 2018 and April 2019. The PAH concentrations in PM2.5 samples were analyzed by a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The results showed that PAH concentrations in PM2.5 varied between 89.1 ng/m3 in the heating season and 1.75 ng/m3 in the non-heating season. The mean concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a carcinogenic marker of PAHs, were 10.3 and 0.05 ng/m3 in the heating and non-heating seasons, respectively. Source allocation analysis of individual portable and passive samplers revealed that the main contributors during heating and non-heating seasons were coal combustion and gasoline sources, respectively. According to the results of a Monte Carlo simulation, the incremental lifetime cancer risk values from the inhalation of PAHs in the heating and non-heating seasons were 3.1 × 10−6 and 5.7 × 10−8, respectively. The significant increase in PAHs and the incremental lifetime cancer risk in the heating season indicates that children are more exposed to health threats in winter. Further PAH exposure control strategies, including reducing coal usage and promoting clean fuel applications, need to be developed to reduce the risk of PAH-induced cancer.

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Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils of vegetable greenhouses in Shandong, China

Cited by 71 publications

References 31 publications

WITHDRAWN: The Analysis and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Vegetables and Fruits Samples Marketed Tehran With Chemometric Approach

WITHDRAWN: The Analysis and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Vegetables and Fruits Samples Marketed Tehran With Chemometric Approach

Distribution of the Soil PAHs and Health Risk Influenced by Coal Usage Processes in Taiyuan City, Northern China

Polycycl. Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure of Children in Typical Household Coal Combustion Environments: Seasonal Variations, Sources, and Carcinogenic Risks

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