Contamination risk of raw drinking water caused by PFOA sources along a river reach in south-western Finland

Happonen, Maiju; Koivusalo, Harri; Malve, Olli; Perkola, Noora; Juntunen, Janne; Huttula, Timo

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.008

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 44 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely used in industrial processes and as additives in diverse products, such as clothes and furniture coatings, firefighting foams, paints, metal plating, aviation hydraulic fluids, lubricants and pesticides, due to their unique properties, including surface activity, heat and acid resistance, and water and oil repellency due to their stable carbon-fluorine chains [1,2,3]. While production of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-based products was voluntarily halted by North America’s largest producer, The 3M Company, in 2000 [4], large scale production of PFAAs in China began in 2003 [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Zhang

Tan

Geng

et al. 2016

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Field investigations on perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) levels in various environmental matrixes were reported, but there is still a lack of PFAA level data for agricultural environments, especially agricultural producing areas, so we collected soil, irrigation water and agricultural product samples from agricultural producing areas in the provinces of Liaoning, Shandong and Sichuan in China. The background pollution from instruments was removed and C4–C18 PFAAs were detected by LC-MS/MS. The concentrations of PFAAs in the top and deep layers of soil were compared, and the levels of PFAAs in different agricultural environments (greenhouses and open agriculture) were analyzed. We found the order of PFAA levels by province was Shandong > Liaoning > Sichuan. A descending trend of PFAA levels from top to deep soil and open to greenhouse agriculture was shown and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) was considered as a marker for source analysis. Bean vegetables contribute highly to the overall PFAA load in vegetables. A significant correlation was shown between irrigation water and agricultural products. The EDI (estimated daily intake) from vegetables should be of concern in China.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of these properties, PFAAs could be transported over long distances with water, and traces of these substances have been detected even in the Arctic and remote rural areas. Another long range transport pathway for PFAAs transport of their volatile precursors in the atmosphere [3]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Zhang

Tan

Geng

et al. 2016

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It was concluded that even though surface waters contained pathogenic microbes, they could not pass through the MAR process, which was verified both by sampling and analyzing, and modeling [38]. The study included model simulations on chemical transport [39] and economic assessments of risks [40]. The overall conclusion of the microbiological, chemical, and economic risk assessments was that the multistage MAR process maintains both consumers' good health and the stability of the local economy in the current situation [41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Recycled water is not used at Finnish MAR plants. The MAR process removes pathogens efficiently, both bacteria and viruses [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. Risks of contamination of the recharge process are reduced by the choice of good quality raw waters and protection of the recharge areas from external, possibly harmful activities (such as gravel extraction or handling of petroleum).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raw Water Quality and Pretreatment in Managed Aquifer Recharge for Drinking Water Production in Finland

Jokela¹,

Eskola

Heinonen³

et al. 2017

Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract:The main objective of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in Finland is the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from surface waters. A typical MAR procedure consists of the infiltration of surface water into a Quaternary glaciofluvial esker with subsequent withdrawal of the MAR treated water from wells a few hundred meters downstream. The infiltrated water should have a residence time of at least approximately one month before withdrawal to provide sufficient time for the subsurface processes needed to break down or remove humic substances. Most of the Finnish MAR plants do not have pretreatment and raw water is infiltrated directly into the soil. The objectives of this paper are to present MAR experiences and to discuss the need for and choice of pretreatment. Data from basin, sprinkling, and well infiltration processes are presented. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations of the raw waters presented here varied from 6.5 to 11 mg/L and after MAR the TOC concentrations of the abstracted waters were approximately 2 mg/L. The overall reduction of organic matter in the treatment (with or without pretreatment) was 70%-85%. Mechanical pretreatment can be used for clogging prevention. Turbidity of the Finnish lakes used as raw water does not necessitate pretreatment in basin and sprinkling infiltration, however, pretreatment in well infiltration needs to be judged separately. River waters may have high turbidity requiring pretreatment. Biodegradation of NOM in the saturated groundwater zone consumes dissolved oxygen. Thus, a high NOM concentration may create conditions for dissolution of iron and manganese from the soil. These conditions may be avoided by the addition of chemical pretreatment. Raw waters with TOC content up to at least approximately 8 mg/L were infiltrated without any considerations of chemical pretreatment, which should be evaluated based on local conditions.

show abstract

“…The potential contaminants also include pesticides, herbicides, and other biocides. In our case, we focus on waterborne perfluorinated compounds and pharmaceuticals (Happonen ).…”

Section: Case: Potable Water Contamination Risks In a River‐based Manmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated frameworks for assessing and managing health risks in the context of managed aquifer recharge with river water

Assmuth

Simola

Pitkänen

et al. 2015

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Integrated assessment and management of water resources for the supply of potable water is increasingly important in light of projected water scarcity in many parts of the world. This article develops frameworks for regional-level waterborne human health risk assessment of chemical and microbiological contamination to aid water management, incorporating economic aspects of health risks. Managed aquifer recharge with surface water from a river in Southern Finland is used as an illustrative case. With a starting point in watershed governance, stakeholder concerns, and value-at-risk concepts, we merge common methods for integrative health risk analysis of contaminants to describe risks and impacts dynamically and broadly. This involves structuring analyses along the risk chain: sources-releases-environmental transport and fate-exposures-health effects-socio-economic impacts-management responses. Risks attributed to contaminants are embedded in other risks, such as contaminants from other sources, and related to benefits from improved water quality. A set of models along this risk chain in the case is presented. Fundamental issues in the assessment are identified, including 1) framing of risks, scenarios, and choices; 2) interaction of models and empirical information; 3) time dimension; 4) distributions of risks and benefits; and 5) uncertainties about risks and controls. We find that all these combine objective and subjective aspects, and involve value judgments and policy choices. We conclude with proposals for overcoming conceptual and functional divides and lock-ins to improve modeling, assessment, and management of complex water supply schemes, especially by reflective solution-oriented interdisciplinary and multi-actor deliberation.

show abstract

Contamination risk of raw drinking water caused by PFOA sources along a river reach in south-western Finland

Cited by 23 publications

References 44 publications

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Perfluorinated Compounds in Greenhouse and Open Agricultural Producing Areas of Three Provinces of China: Levels, Sources and Risk Assessment

Raw Water Quality and Pretreatment in Managed Aquifer Recharge for Drinking Water Production in Finland

Integrated frameworks for assessing and managing health risks in the context of managed aquifer recharge with river water

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About