“…The refinery itself, as a facility, may be a source of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions or carbon footprint in the life cycle of engine fuels [14,15]. In many studies [11,12,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26], the authors agree that refining processes in crude oil processing plants are the primary sources of emissions pollution to the environment, both to the air, can also be related to soil / ground and groundwater pollution as well as the generation of waste. The largest amounts are gaseous pollutants.…”