Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand

Simmons, G. C.; Hope, Virginia; Lewis, Gillian; Whitmore, John; Gao, Wanzhen

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00420-6

Cited by 230 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Mean and/or median levels of enterococci were comparable to or lower than those in other studies of rain catchments (Simmons et al 2001;Ariyananda 2003;Evans et al 2007a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Horak

Chynoweth

Myers

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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In Papua New Guinea, a significant portion of morbidity and mortality is attributed to water-borne diseases. To reduce incidence of disease, communities and non-governmental organizations have installed rain catchments to provide drinking water of improved quality. However, little work has been done to determine whether these rain catchments provide drinking water of better quality than traditional drinking water sources, and if morbidity is decreased in villages with rain catchments. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of water produced by rain catchments in comparison with traditional drinking water sources in rural villages in the East Sepik Province. Fifty-four water sources in 22 villages were evaluated for enterococci and Escherichia coli densities as well as 14 health-relevant metals. In addition, we examined how the prevalence of diarrhoeal illness in villages relates to the type of primary drinking water source.The majority of tested metals were below World Health Organization safety limits. Catchment water sources had lower enterococci and E. coli than other water sources. Individuals in villages using Sepik River water as their primary water source had significantly higher incidence of diarrhoea than those primarily using other water sources (streams, dug wells and catchments).

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“…Mean and/or median levels of enterococci were comparable to or lower than those in other studies of rain catchments (Simmons et al 2001;Ariyananda 2003;Evans et al 2007a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Horak

Chynoweth

Myers

et al. 2009

Journal of Water and Health

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“…Roofs are the first candidates for RWH systems because their runoff is often regarded as unpolluted (Förster, 1999). However, some studies have reported that there is a potential for rainwater to carry nutrient pollution (total phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen) (Vijayaraghavan et al, 2012), microbial pathogens (Ahmed et al, 2008;Simmons et al, 2001), heavy metals (Lee et al, 2010;Wang and Li, 2009) and pesticides (Zobrist et al, 2000). Therefore, it is essential to investigate the water quality of roof runoff for domestic use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing, China

Zhang

Wang

Hou

et al. 2014

Journal of Environmental Management

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a b s t r a c tThere is an urgent requirement to examine the quality of harvested rainwater for potable and nonpotable purposes, based on the type of roofing material. In this study, we examined the effect on the quality of harvested rainwater of conventional roofing materials (concrete, asphalt and ceramic tile roofs) compared with alternative roofing materials (green roof). The results showed that the ceramic tile roof was the most suitable for rainwater-harvesting applications because of the lower concentrations of leachable pollutants. However, in this study, the green roof was not suitable for rainwater harvesting applications. In addition, seasonal trends in water quality parameters showed that pollutants in roof runoff in summer and autumn were lower than those in winter and spring. This study revealed that the quality of harvested rainwater was significantly affected by the roofing material; therefore, local government and urban planners should develop stricter testing programs and produce more weathering resistant roofing materials to allow the harvesting of rainwater for domestic and public uses.

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“…O modelo articulado adotou a tecnologia social com baixo custo e alto potencial de replicação para o armazenamento de água das chuvas: as cisternas de placa de concreto (BRASIL, 2014 Por meio do P1MC, as cisternas foram implantadas em diversos municípios do Sertão Brasileiro (zona rural), objetivando propiciar à população a convivência com a seca. Porém, alguns estudos têm mostrado que, apesar dessa iniciativa ter tido impacto significativo para a população, a cisterna não se mostrou suficiente para o enfrentamento da problemática do acesso à água, além de se constatar problemas de estrutura, operacionais e sanitários, os quais têm contribuído para comprometer a qualidade da água (RUSKIN;PATRICK, 1998;SIMMONS et al, 2001). Para que o uso da cisterna tenha resultados satisfatórios, a água armazenada precisa ter qualidade e quantidade suficientes, conforme recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Estudos realizados por Simmons et al (2001) Os dados dos questionários foram digitados no programa Excel e realizada a avaliação da consistência das informações de forma a corrigir possíveis incoerências, para, posteriormente, realizar a distribuição de frequência de todas as variáveis. Esses dados, então, compuseram as informações que possibilitaram a construção dos diagramas de Paretto.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Avaliação Do Uso E Funcionamento Das Cisternas Do P1mc – Um Estudo No Semiárido Baiano

et al. 2017

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ResumoA cisterna tem sido adotada em locais que têm pouca disponibilidade hídrica ou que tenham dificuldades de implementação dos sistemas regulares de abastecimento de água. No Brasil, as cisternas ganharam maior amplitude com a implementação do Programa Um Milhão de Cisterna (P1MC), que tem como meta instalar um milhão de cisternas no Semiárido. Este Programa foi proposto a partir de uma política pública do governo federal. Esse artigo tem por objetivo estudar se a cisterna cumpre seu papel, a partir do seu uso e funcionamento. O estudo fez uma abordagem em 347 cisternas do P1MC, em cinco municípios baianos. O levantamento de dados primários foi realizado a partir da aplicação de questionários com perguntas objetivas e, em seguida, foram construídos diagramas de Paretto para avaliar as cisternas do P1MC, o que demonstrou que as variáveis estudadas com maior problema e que necessitam de intervenção do Poder Público são as seguintes: ausência do separador da primeira água, manutenção e limpeza da cisterna, área do domicílio e do telhado e forma de retirar a água. Palavras-chave:Cisterna do P1MC, Diagrama de Paretto, Uso e funcionamento. AbstractThe cistern has been adopted in places that have little water availability or that have difficulty implementing regular water supply systems. In Brazil, the cisterns gained greater breadth with the implementation of the One Million Cistern Program (P1MC), which aims to install one million cisterns in the semi-arid region. This program was proposed based on a public policy of the federal government. The purpose of this article is to study if the cistern fulfills its role, from its use and operation. The study addressed 347 P1MC cisterns in five Bahian municipalities. The primary data collection was carried out through the application of questionnaires with objective questions, and then Paretto diagrams were constructed to evaluate P1MC cisterns, which demonstrated that the variables studied with the greatest problem and requiring intervention by the Power Public are absence of separator of the first water, maintenance and cleaning of the cistern, area of the domicile and roof, way to draw water.

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Contamination of potable roof-collected rainwater in Auckland, New Zealand

Cited by 230 publications

References 14 publications

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Microbial and metal water quality in rain catchments compared with traditional drinking water sources in the East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea

Quality and seasonal variation of rainwater harvested from concrete, asphalt, ceramic tile and green roofs in Chongqing, China

Avaliação Do Uso E Funcionamento Das Cisternas Do P1mc – Um Estudo No Semiárido Baiano

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