“…However, the assay can only be performed with liquid samples, creating difficulties for the testing of solid materials, such as medical devices (Ross and Bruch, 1982;, of which only rinsing solutions can be tested. Similarly, the assay has problems with dialysis fluids (Bohrer et al, 2001), liposomes (Harmon et al, 1997), nanoparticles (Smulders et al, 2012), and cell therapies (Montag-lessing et al, 2010). Drugs that interfere with the clotting system, i.e., through inhibition (binding of divalent cations such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citrate, protease inhibitors) or enhancement (high protein content, proteases), cannot be tested with the lAl test (Cooper et al, 1997;Duner, 1995).…”