Contamination of Farmstead Wells by Pesticides, Volatile Organics, and Inorganic Chemicals in Kansas

Steichen, James; Koelliker, J. K.; Grosh, Doris Lloyd; Heiman, Alan; Yearout, Robert; Robbins, Victor

doi:10.1111/j.1745-6592.1988.tb01092.x

Cited by 37 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…2). Atrazine was also the pesticide detected most frequently in ground water by many other multistate (Kolpin et al, 1996b; Holden et al, 1992) and statewide studies (Goetsch et al, 1992; Kross et al, 1990; Steichen et al, 1988; Klaseus et al, 1988; Sievers and Fulhage, 1992; Exner and Spalding, 1990) in the USA, as well as Provincewide investigations in Ontario, Canada (Rudolph et al, 1992, 1993). These observations are not unexpected, given that atrazine has been the pesticide used most extensively in the USA during the past two decades (Majewski and Capel, 1995), as well as one of the most widely used pesticides in Ontario (Rudolph et al, 1992).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results from the National Water‐Quality Assessment

Barbash

Thelin²,

Kolpin³

et al. 2001

J of Env Quality

234

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To improve understanding of the factors affecting pesticide occurrence in ground water, patterns of detection were examined for selected herbicides, based primarily on results from the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The NAWQA data were derived from 2,227 sites (wells and springs) sampled in 20 major hydrologic basins across the USA from 1993 to 1995. Results are presented for six high-use herbicides--atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), cyanazine (2-[4-chloro-6-ethylamino-1,3,5triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropionitrile), simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis-[ethylamino]-s-triazine), alachlor (2-chloro-N-[2,6-diethylphenyl]-N-[methoxymethyl]acetamide), acetochlor (2-chloro-N-[ethoxymethyl]-N-[2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl]acetamide), and metolachlor (2-chloro-N-[2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl]-N-[2-methoxylethyl]acetamide)--as well as for prometon (2,4-bis[isopropylamino]-6-methoxy-s-triazine), a nonagricultural herbicide detected frequently during the study. Concentrations were <1 microg L(-1) at 98% of the sites with detections, but exceeded drinking-water criteria (for atrazine) at two sites. In urban areas, frequencies of detection (at or above 0.01 microg L(-1)) of atrazine, cyanazine, simazine, alachlor, and metolachlor in shallow ground water were positively correlated with their nonagricultural use nationwide (P < 0.05). Among different agricultural areas, frequencies of detection were positively correlated with nearby agricultural use for atrazine, cyanazine, alachlor, and metolachlor, but not simazine. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that for these five herbicides, frequencies of detection beneath agricultural areas were positively correlated with their agricultural use and persistence in aerobic soil. Acetochlor, an agricultural herbicide first registered in 1994 for use in the USA, was detected in shallow ground water by 1995, consistent with previous field-scale studies indicating that some pesticides may be detected in ground water within 1 yr following application. The NAWQA results agreed closely with those from other multistate studies with similar designs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results from the National Water‐Quality Assessment

Barbash

Thelin²,

Kolpin³

et al. 2001

J of Env Quality

234

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“…For example, Bauder et al (1993) investigated the major controlling factors for nitrate contamination of groundwater in agricultural areas using MLR of land uses, climate, soil characteristics, and cultivation types. MLR was also used to relate pesticide concentrations in groundwater to the age of the well, land use around the well, and the distance to the closest possible source of pesticide contamination (Steichen, et al, 1988). Boy-Roura et al (2013) used MLR to assess nitrate pollution in the Osona region (north-eastern Spain).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A meta-analysis and statistical modelling of nitrates in groundwater at the African scale

Ouédraogo

Vanclooster

2016

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Contamination of groundwater with nitrate poses a major health risk to millions of people around Africa. Assessing the space-time distribution of this contamination, as well as understanding the factors that explain this contamination, is important for managing sustainable drinking water at the regional scale. This study aims to assess the variables that contribute to nitrate pollution in groundwater at the African scale by statistical modelling. We compiled a literature database of nitrate concentration in groundwater (around 250 studies) and combined it with digital maps of physical attributes such as soil, geology, climate, hydrogeology, and anthropogenic data for statistical model development. The maximum, medium, and minimum observed nitrate concentrations were analysed. In total, 13 explanatory variables were screened to explain observed nitrate pollution in groundwater. For the mean nitrate concentration, four variables are retained in the statistical explanatory model: (1) depth to groundwater (shallow groundwater, typically < 50 m); (2) recharge rate; (3) aquifer type; and (4) population density. The first three variables represent intrinsic vulnerability of groundwater systems to pollution, while the latter variable is a proxy for anthropogenic pollution pressure. The model explains 65 % of the variation of mean nitrate contamination in groundwater at the African scale. Using the same proxy information, we could develop a statistical model for the maximum nitrate concentrations that explains 42 % of the nitrate variation. For the maximum concentrations, other environmental attributes such as soil type, slope, rainfall, climate class, and region type improve the prediction of maximum nitrate concentrations at the African scale. As to minimal nitrate concentrations, in the absence of normal distribution assumptions of the data set, we do not develop a statistical model for these data. The data-based statistical model presented here represents an important step towards developing tools that will allow us to accurately predict nitrate distribution at the African scale and thus may support groundwater monitoring and water management that aims to protect groundwater systems. Yet they should be further refined and validated when more detailed and harmonized data become available and/or combined with more conceptual descriptions of the fate of nutrients in the hydrosystem.

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“…Several aquifers in Kansas were found to be contaminated with pesticides or vulnerable to contamination (Steichen et al, 1988). As part of an investigation into the mechanisms of pesticide transport and potential for degradation, a research project was initiated to quantify the adsorption of atrazine and alachlor in susceptible Kansas aquifer materials and the soils overlying these aquifers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Atrazine and Alachlor to Aquifer Material and Soil

Schwab

Splichal

Banks

2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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(1-methyl)-1,3,5 triazine-2,3-diamine] and alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide] are agricultural herbicides used in large quantities and, as a consequence, are common contaminants in groundwater and surface water. The retention of these herbicides in soils and their degradation in aqueous environments is highly dependent upon their adsorption to solid surfaces. The adsorption of atrazine and alachlor was investigated on three typical Kansas and underlying aquifers known to be vulnerable to contamination. More alachlor was adsorbed to the soils and sediments than atrazine. The adsorption coefficients for atrazine were 2 to 5 times higher for soils than for aquifer sediments. For alachlor, the adsorption coefficients were 4 to 20 times higher for soil than for aquifer solids. Both linear and Freundlich isotherms represented the adsorption data well in all cases. The slope of the Freundlich isotherms, 1/n, was close to one, with the exception of alachlor adsorption onto the Topeka aquifer sediment (1/n = 0.67). The K d values found in these studies were comparable to the lower range of those reported in the literature.

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Contamination of Farmstead Wells by Pesticides, Volatile Organics, and Inorganic Chemicals in Kansas

Cited by 37 publications

References 2 publications

Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results from the National Water‐Quality Assessment

Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results from the National Water‐Quality Assessment

A meta-analysis and statistical modelling of nitrates in groundwater at the African scale

Adsorption of Atrazine and Alachlor to Aquifer Material and Soil

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