Contamination of Caribbean coastal waters by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051

Carbery, Kelly; Owen, Richard; Frickers, Trish; Otero, Ernesto; Readman, James W.

doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.10.013

Cited by 61 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Not surprisingly, the concentrations of Irgarol ranged from below reliable detection limits to 283 ng/l (Table 1); with the highest concentrations in small single-outlet marinas with a high density of larger yachts and pleasure craft. These observations are consistent with reports from other sub-tropical and tropical locations including the Chagos Archipelago (non-detected to 8 ng/l) (Guitart et al 2007), Florida Keys, St. Croix, and Bermuda (3.1-294 ng/l) (Owen et al 2002), Florida (non-detected to 61 ng/l) (Gardinali et al 2002), Bermuda (10 to 590 ng/l) (Connelly et al 2001), Okinawa Islands (non-detected to 35 ng/l) (Sheihk et al 2009) and significantly higher concentrations of Irgarol have been reported in the waters surrounding the US Virgin Islands (up to 1,300 ng/l) (Carbery et al 2006). Irgarol was not detected on coral reefs sampled within approximately 1 km of selected marinas.…”

Section: Concentration Of Irgarol In Marina Seawater and Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Concentrations of Irgarol in selected marinas of Oahu, Hawaii and effects on settlement of coral larval

Knutson

Downs²,

Richmond³

2011

Ecotoxicology

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This study examined concentrations of Irgarol 1051(®) in selected marinas on the island of Oahu, Hawaii and used laboratory bioassays to assess effects of Irgarol on coral larval settlement. Field surveys of small boat marinas performed in 2006-2007 revealed low concentrations of Irgarol 1051(®), an antifouling paint additive, ranging from non-detected (<17 ng/l) to 283 ng/l. The highest concentrations of Irgarol 1051(®) were found in marinas with low flushing rates and a high density of moored boats and boat traffic. The potential effect of Irgarol 1051(®) on coral larval settlement was evaluated in the laboratory using planulae from Porites hawaiiensis, a zooxanthellate shade-dwelling coral found in Hawaiian waters. Exposure to Irgarol 1051(®) at 100 ng/l resulted in a statistically significant reduction in settlement of coral larvae. This was within the range of Irgarol 1051(®) concentrations found in some of the marinas surveyed on the island of Oahu but Irgarol was not detected in seawater samples at offshore reefs.

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Section: Concentration Of Irgarol In Marina Seawater and Sedimentmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Studies have reported Irgarol in waters and sediments in the vicinity of coral reefs (e.g. Sheihk et al 2009;Kitada et al 2008;Zamora-Ley et al 2006;Carbery et al 2006). At high waterborne concentrations of Irgarol (30 lg/l), a 30% reduction in coral zooxanthellae density was demonstrated in Seriatopora hystrix (Jones and Kerswell 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of Irgarol in selected marinas of Oahu, Hawaii and effects on settlement of coral larval

Knutson

Downs²,

Richmond³

2011

Ecotoxicology

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“…Na Europa e na América do Norte, diversos estudos realizados com amostras de água obtidas em marinas e zonas portuárias encontraram concentrações inferiores aos limites de detecção das técnicas empregadas. 38,58 Entretanto, concentrações de até 214 ng/L foram reportadas para algumas marinas na Grécia. 18 Por outro lado, concentrações consideravelmente elevadas foram observadas em amostras de sedimentos costeiros oriundos de marinas.…”

Section: Diclofluanidaunclassified

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

2011

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Recebido em 7/6/10; aceito em 11/1/11; publicado na web em 1/4/11 THIRD GENERATION ANTIFOULING PAINTS: NEW BIOCIDES IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. Antifouling agents have been used on vessels and boats since ancient civilizations. Thus, a brief history on the three generations of antifouling paints was provided in the present review. Additionally, information about physic-chemical properties, environmental levels, toxicology and analytical methods was discussed for the 16 "new" booster biocides used as third-generation antifouling paints. The main problems, limitations and future trends related to this subject were also presented. Finally, actions were suggested in order to appraise the current status of the environmental impact caused by these compounds in South America.Keywords: antifouling; paint; booster biocides. INTRODUÇÃODentre os diversos grupos de contaminantes orgânicos potencialmente danosos a ecossistemas aquáticos, despontaram nos últimos anos os biocidas utilizados como princípio ativo de tintas antiincrustantes. Essas tintas são aplicadas como sistemas de proteção, com a finalidade de combater a formação e o estabelecimento de comunidades bioincrustantes (fouling) sobre superfícies expostas à água. Usualmente, tintas anti-incrustantes são aplicadas em embarcações comerciais e de passeio, plataformas petrolíferas, tubulações submarinas, comportas de represas, tanques destinados à aquicultura, dentre outras estruturas. 1Dentre as aplicações mencionadas para as referidas tintas, a utilização como revestimento protetor em embarcações tem sido apontada por muitos autores como a mais impactante para o ambiente, devido ao seu caráter altamente difundido em zonas costeiras.2 Segundo Kotrikla, 3 o emprego de sistemas anti-incrustantes em embarcações é justificado pelos seguintes motivos: o aumento da fricção entre o casco e a água, demanda uma maior potência dos motores e, consequentemente, gera um aumento no consumo de combustível; aumento da frequência de docagens, gerando um incremento de custos e de resíduos gerados; aumento das taxas de corrosão e, introdução não intencional de espécies exóticas em ambientes aquáticos.O primeiro registro de uso de sistemas anti-incrustantes data de 2 mil anos atrás, quando os cascos de madeira eram revestidos com chumbo e "untados" com misturas de óleo de baleia, enxofre e arsênio. Em 1625, uma receita letal combinando arsênio, cobre e goma em pó foi patenteada como agente anti-incrustante por Wilian Beale, na Inglaterra. A utilização de sistemas anti-incrustantes incorporados às tintas passou a ser comum, e cada vez mais frequente, na medida em que os cascos de madeira das embarcações foram substituídos por cascos metálicos, fato ocorrido em meados do século XVIII. A partir de então, a navegação comercial e o uso de embarcações de lazer se tornaram cada vez mais populares, aportando aos ambientes aquáticos quantidades cada vez maiores de biocidas utilizados em tintas anti-incrustantes. 1Em meados do século XX, os óxidos de cobre e de zinco foram os primeiros biocidas ut...

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“…Sunscreen compounds, such as oxybenzophenones were not detected in the water column at this site (data not shown). Other commonly occurring contaminants in Caribbean waters are cuprous oxide, tributyl tin, and other booster biocides in boat antifoulant paint, which were not screened, but the close proximity of moored boats warrants further investigation (Carbery et al 2006;Konstantinou and Albanis 2004). Hawksnest Bay resides within the Virgin Islands National Park at St. John, famous for its beach and was once a large nesting beach for Hawksbill turtles.…”

Section: Caneelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of environmental pollutants and cellular-stress markers of Porites astreoides at six sites in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

et al. 2011

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Coral communities along the coast of St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands have exhibited site-specific behavior in declines. In order to determine if these specific coral communities are stressed and whether a pollutant or environmental factor present at this site is a probable stressor, we surveyed six near-shore coral communities in St. John, USVI for environmental pollutants and to determine the cellular physiological condition of the coral, Porites astreoides. The six sites within St. John are Cruz Bay, Caneel Bay, Hawksnest Bay, Trunk Bay, Tektite Reef in Beehive Bay, and Red Point. Red Point was considered the reference site because of its abundance and diversity of species, and it was the furthest removed from down-stream and down-current anthropogenic activities. All sites showed distinct cellular-stress marker patterns, indicating that the physiological condition of each population was different. Populations at Cruz, Hawksnest, Trunk, and Tektite were stressed, as indicated by high levels of DNA lesions and expression of stress proteins. Hawksnest and Tektite were contaminated with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while Cruz was contaminated with semi-volatile organochlorines and nitrogen-based biocides. At least for Hawksnest and Tektite, stress-marker patterns were consistent with an exposure to PAHs. Fecal coliform levels were high in Cruz and Trunk, indicating fecal contamination, as well as consideration for management action. Results from this study serve as a justification for a more thorough and methodical investigation into the stressors responsible for declines of coral populations within St. John. Furthermore, this study supports the argument for the importance of local factors contributing to regional coral reef declines; that not all forces impacting coral are global.

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Contamination of Caribbean coastal waters by the antifouling herbicide Irgarol 1051

Cited by 61 publications

References 61 publications

Concentrations of Irgarol in selected marinas of Oahu, Hawaii and effects on settlement of coral larval

Concentrations of Irgarol in selected marinas of Oahu, Hawaii and effects on settlement of coral larval

Tintas anti-incrustantes de terceira geração: novos biocidas no ambiente aquático

A survey of environmental pollutants and cellular-stress markers of Porites astreoides at six sites in St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

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