Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways

Macdonald, Robie W.; Barrie, Leonard A.; Bidleman, Terry F.; Diamond, Miriam L.; Gregor, D.J.; Semkin, R. G.; Strachan, William M. J.; Li, Y.F.; Wania, Frank; Alaee, Mehran; Alexeeva, Ludmila; Backus, Sean; Bailey, Robert E.; Bewers, J.M.; Gobeil, Charles; Halsall, Crispin J.; Harner, Tom; Hoff, John T.; Jantunen, Liisa M.; Lockhart, W.L.; Mackay, Donald; Muir, Derek C.G.; Pudykiewicz, Janusz A.; Reimer, Ken J.; Smith, J. N.; Stern, Gary A.; Schroeder, W. H.; Wagemann, R.; Yunker, Mark B.

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00434-4

Cited by 610 publications

(399 citation statements)

References 357 publications

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“…These results are consistent with former studies on synoptic systems and preferred pathways of possible sources for high Arctic aerosol loadings (e.g. Rahn and McCaffrey, 1980;Xie et al, 1999;MacDonald et al, 2000;Eneroth et al, 2003, and references therein). The days 21 and 22 March 2000 as well as 10 and 11 April 2000 form cluster 2 with a similar number of anthropogenic components but with a much higher fraction of sea salt components.…”

Section: Ground-based Time Series During Astarsupporting

confidence: 92%

Interpretation of Arctic aerosol properties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area

Treffeisen

Herber

Ström

et al. 2004

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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A B S T R A C T Atmospheric aerosols play an important role in global climate change, directly through radiative forcing and indirectly through their effect on cloud properties. Numerous measurements have been performed in the last three decades in order to characterize polar aerosols. Information about aerosol characteristics is needed to calculate induced changes in the Earth's heat balance. However, this forcing is highly variable in space and time. Accurate quantification of forcing by aerosols will require combined efforts, assimilating information from different sources such as satellite, aircraft and surface-based observations. Adding to the complexity of the problem is that the measurements themselves are often not directly comparable as they vary in spatial/temporal resolution and in the basic properties of the aerosol that they measure. Therefore it is desirable to close the gap between the differences in temporal and spatial resolution and coverage among the observational approaches. In order to keep the entire information content and to treat aerosol variability in a consistent and manageable way an approach has to be achieved which enables one to combine these data. This study presents one possibility for linking together a complex Arctic aerosol data set in terms of parameters, timescale and place of measurement as well as meteorological parameters. A cluster analysis was applied as a pattern recognition technique. The data set is classified in clusters and expressed in terms of mean statistical values, which represent the entire database and its variation. For this study, different time-series of microphysical, optical and chemical aerosol parameters as well as meteorological parameters were analysed. The database was obtained during an extensive aerosol measurement campaign, the ASTAR 2000 (Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol and Radiation) field campaign, with coordinated simultaneous ground-based and airborne measurements in the vicinity of Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Furthermore, longterm measurements at two ground-based sites situated at different altitudes were incorporated into the analysis. The approach presented in this study allows the necessary linking of routine long-term measurements with short-term extensive observations. It also involves integration of intermittent vertical aerosol profile measurements. This is useful for many applications, especially in climate research where the required data coverage is large.

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Section: Ground-based Time Series During Astarsupporting

confidence: 92%

Interpretation of Arctic aerosol properties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area

Treffeisen

Herber

Ström

et al. 2004

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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“…Bioconcentration factors of PCBs (BCF) in plankton were estimated by 25 BCF= P W C C where C P and C W are the plankton and dissolved-phase concentrations, respectively. The study of bioconcentration of POPs, such as PCBs, in the lower levels of the trophic web is important as well to understand the factors that control the bioaccumulation and magnification of PCB concentrations in the Arctic food web, where due to the low temperatures, some POPs have longer persistence and magnification potential, leading to high concentrations in the higher predators with the associated impact on health [3][4] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The processes driving the transport of POPs to the AO and their occurrence have been the subject of several studies over the last two decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] , including the presence of POPs in the atmosphere, seawater and to a lesser extent plankton of the AO. Chemicals such as PCBs are highly hydrophobic, as measured by the octanol-water partition coefficients (K OW ) ranging between 10 4 and 10 8 , and are semivolatile.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The oceanic biological pump modulates the atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to the Arctic

et al. 2012

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semivolatile persistent organic pollutants have the potential to reach remote environments, such as the Arctic ocean, through atmospheric transport and deposition. Here we show that this transport of polychlorinated biphenyls to the Arctic ocean is strongly retarded by the oceanic biological pump. A simultaneous sampling of atmospheric, seawater and plankton samples was performed in July 2007 in the Greenland Current and Atlantic sector of the Arctic ocean. The atmospheric concentrations declined during atmospheric transport over the Greenland Current with estimated half-lives of 1-4 days. These short half-lives can be explained by the high airto-water net diffusive flux, which is similar in magnitude to the estimated settling fluxes in the water column. Therefore, the decrease of atmospheric concentrations is due to sequestration of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls by enhanced air-water diffusive fluxes driven by phytoplankton uptake and organic carbon settling fluxes (biological pump).

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“…A wide variety of pesticides has been observed in different environmental media, including natural water bodies, soil, and atmosphere [5,6]. Some semivolatile persistent pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT], hexachlorocyclohexanes [HCHs], trifluralin, and metolachlor) have been observed to be transported regionally and globally in the atmosphere [7][8][9]. The extent of the pesticide flux from the landscape to the atmosphere is affected by the amount applied, method of application, meteorological conditions, and physical-chemical characteristics of the pesticide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere

Chang

Simcik

Capel

2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

132

103

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Abstract-This is the first report on the ambient levels of glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its major degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in air and rain. Concurrent, weekly integrated air particle and rain samples were collected during two growing seasons in agricultural areas in Mississippi and Iowa. Rain was also collected in Indiana in a preliminary phase of the study. The frequency of glyphosate detection ranged from 60 to 100% in both air and rain. The concentrations of glyphosate ranged from <0.01 to 9.1 ng/m 3 and from <0.1 to 2.5 mg/L in air and rain samples, respectively. The frequency of detection and median and maximum concentrations of glyphosate in air were similar or greater to those of the other high-use herbicides observed in the Mississippi River basin, whereas its concentration in rain was greater than the other herbicides. It is not known what percentage of the applied glyphosate is introduced into the air, but it was estimated that up to 0.7% of application is removed from the air in rainfall.

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Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways

Cited by 610 publications

References 357 publications

Interpretation of Arctic aerosol properties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area

Interpretation of Arctic aerosol properties using cluster analysis applied to observations in the Svalbard area

The oceanic biological pump modulates the atmospheric transport of persistent organic pollutants to the Arctic

Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere

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