Contaminant-stimulated Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Oxidative Damage in Aquatic Organisms

Endocrine, biotransformation, and oxidative stress responses in salmon hepatocytes exposed to chemically induced hypoxia and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), given singly or in combination

“…Interestingly, our data show that GST and CAT activity are correlated, supports the link between GST induction and ROS formation and the relevance of exposure treatments to activity levels. In a different report, we showed changes in lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes exposed to combined hypoxia and PFOSA (Olufsen et al 2014), supporting the role of GST in the adaptation to secondary oxidation products due to interaction between ROS and cellular components (Livingstone 2001;Storey 1996;Wallace 1989). …”

“…GST is known to have multifunctional properties, acting as part of the antioxidant system in removal of secondary oxidation products and H 2 O 2 and in xenobiotic metabolism (Hayes and McLellan 1999;Livingstone 2001;Wallace 1989). Our data show that hypoxia increased oxidative stress responses more than PFOSA and it is possible that increased ROS formation is a results of hypoxic stress, rather than increased xenobiotic biotransformation (Blokhina et al 2003).…”

“…The toxicological potential of ROS is dependent on levels exceeding the scavenging capacity of antioxidant machinery (Livingstone 2001). Cytoprotective enzymes such as CAT, SOD, GPx, GR, GST and UDPGT are encoded through the antioxidant responsive element (ARE), forming a network of protective machinery against oxidative stress (Giuliani et al 2013;Osburn and Kensler 2008;Regoli and Giuliani 2014).…”

Effects of hexachlorobenzene on antioxidant status of liver and brain of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…LPO has often been used as an effective biomarker of toxic pollutants in fish, including Cu, Fe, Cd, PAHs and PCBs (Livingstone, 2001). It was shown that brain TBARS levels were significantly induced by HCB exposure and correlated to the ROS production well (R = 0.829, P = 0.041).…”

“…Many waterborne organic contaminants can stimulate production of ROS and result in oxidative damage to aquatic organisms (Livingstone, 2001). Under normal conditions, ROS and other pro-oxidants are continually detoxified and removed in cells by antioxidant defense systems comprising both antioxidant enzymes and small molecular free radical scavengers.…”