Containment and holding environments: Understanding and reducing physical restraint in residential child care

Therapeutic crisis intervention system in residential care for children and youth: Staff knowledge, attitudes, and coping styles

“…awareness of the controversy in the professional literature regarding the efficacy of TCI as a means of restraint and its possible risks (Allen, 2002;Hejtmanek, 2010;Minnick, 2007;Moyla, 2009;Steckley, 2010). Perhaps it is precisely those staff members who did not undergo training who are less aware of the reservations concerning use of the technique.…”

“…Some researchers have raised concerns about the potential for serious physical and psychological injury to the person being restrained (e.g., Bonner et al,, 2002;Hollins, 2010;Ryan, Robbins, Peterson & Rozalski, 2009;Steckley, 2010). Opponents argue that using restraint is an aggressive act which aims to generate obedience (Hejtmanek, 2010;Moyla, 2009;Patterson et al,, 2003;Smith & Bowman, 2009), and ethical questions have been raised about the vulnerability and sensitivity of special groups (e.g., victims of sexual and physical assault) who are subjected to restraint (Alisdair, 2002), and about the violation of patient rights (Duxbury & Wittington, 2005).…”

“…They claim that the staff can also enable experiences of therapeutic containment, which may include physical restraint as one component (Steckley, 2010;Steckley, & Kendrick, 2008).…”

Who needs restraining? Re-examining the use of physical restraint in an English young offender institution

“…Whilst discerning how and when to restrain individuals is a problem that confronts staff in a variety of care and custodial settings (Davidson, McCullough, Steckley, & Warren, 2005;Hart & Howell, 2004a;Hart, 2008; Joint Committee on Human Rights, 2004;Steckley, 2010), the physical restraint of children in the juvenile secure estatecomprising young offender institutions (YOIs), secure training centres (STCs) and secure children's homes (SCHs) -has received considerable attention due in no small part to the restraint-related deaths of two teenage boys in 2004. At five feet tall, weighing less than eight stone and only 15 years old, Gareth Myatt lost consciousness and died whilst being restrained at Rainsbrook STC (Goldson & Coles, 2005, p. 64).…”

Planned treatment and outcomes in residential youth care: Evidence from Sweden

“…Previous research has focused on how parental involvement (Jenson & Whitaker, 1987), length of stay (Loughran et al, 2009), educational attainment (e.g., Trout et al, 2008), placement stability (e.g., Ward, 2009;Christiansen, Havik, & Anderssen, 2010), teenager engagement (e.g., Englebrecht et al, 2008;Smith et al, 2008), physical restraint (Steckley, 2010), facility ownership (Bayer & Pozen, 2005;Lindqvist, 2008), the punitiveness of the juvenile justice system (e.g. Levitt, 1998;Hjalmarsson, 2009) or peer-group effects among incarcerated teenagers (e.g.…”