Container transportation as an interdependent security problem

Gkonis, Konstantinos G.; Psaraftis, Harilaos N.

doi:10.1007/s12198-010-0047-y

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…5 By 2 {0,1} we mean the power set of {0, 1} which equals {∅, {0}, {1}, {0, 1}}. 6 A similar extension was also proposed independently by Heal and Kunreuther [39].…”

Section: Generalized Ids Gamesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…1 Thus, we can see how the cost-effectiveness of an investment can be highly dependent on others' investment decisions. Another recent application of the IDS model is on container shipping transportation [6], in which the objective is to study the effect that investment decisions about container screening on some ports may have on neighboring ports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interdependent Defense Games with Applications to Internet Security at the Level of Autonomous Systems

Chan

Ceyko

Ortiz

2017

Games

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Abstract:We propose interdependent defense (IDD) games, a computational game-theoretic framework to study aspects of the interdependence of risk and security in multi-agent systems under deliberate external attacks. Our model builds upon interdependent security (IDS) games, a model by Heal and Kunreuther that considers the source of the risk to be the result of a fixed randomized-strategy. We adapt IDS games to model the attacker's deliberate behavior. We define the attacker's pure-strategy space and utility function and derive appropriate cost functions for the defenders. We provide a complete characterization of mixed-strategy Nash equilibria (MSNE), and design a simple polynomial-time algorithm for computing all of them for an important subclass of IDD games. We also show that an efficient algorithm to determine whether some attacker's strategy can be a part of an MSNE in an instance of IDD games is unlikely to exist. Yet, we provide a dynamic programming (DP) algorithm to compute an approximate MSNE when the graph/network structure of the game is a directed tree with a single source. We also show that the DP algorithm is a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme. In addition, we propose a generator of random instances of IDD games based on the real-world Internet-derived graph at the level of autonomous systems (≈27 K nodes and ≈100 K edges as measured in March 2010 by the DIMES project). We call such games Internet games. We introduce and empirically evaluate two heuristics from the literature on learning-in-games, best-response gradient dynamics (BRGD) and smooth best-response dynamics (SBRD), to compute an approximate MSNE in IDD games with arbitrary graph structures, such as randomly-generated instances of Internet games. In general, preliminary experiments applying our proposed heuristics are promising. Our experiments show that, while BRGD is a useful technique for the case of Internet games up to certain approximation level, SBRD is more efficient and provides better approximations than BRGD. Finally, we discuss several extensions, future work, and open problems.

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“…5 By 2 {0,1} we mean the power set of {0, 1} which equals {∅, {0}, {1}, {0, 1}}. 6 A similar extension was also proposed independently by Heal and Kunreuther [39].…”

Section: Generalized Ids Gamesmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interdependent Defense Games with Applications to Internet Security at the Level of Autonomous Systems

Chan

Ceyko

Ortiz

2017

Games

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“…Reference (Lee and Yu, 2012) introduces the concept and nature of cooperative game through analyzing the game model of strategic alliance cooperation; Reference (Saurí and Robusté, 2011) proposes competitive equilibria through combining the concept of Nash's equilibrium with Shapley's value; Reference (Gkonis and Psaraftis, 2010) discusses the determination of income allocation proportion, and proposes a kind of calculation method on earnings ratio.…”

Section: Overseas and Domestic Research Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Game Theory Analysis of Container Port Alliance

Ding

et al. 2015

Journal of Coastal Research

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“…Risk assessment is an essential component of anti-terrorism measures. Gkonis and Psaraftis [11] adopted a game theoretical approach when considering how much security should be provided. Transport networks are high value targets for terrorists because they are accessible and visible; however, security measures must be properly assessed in terms of both the costs of introducing and operating them and the likely benefits to be achieved.…”

Section: Terrorismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such alliances as well as horizontal and vertical integration within the supply chain may, however, allow some control over the whole network, thus permitting a concerted approach towards security to be adopted. However, as mentioned briefly earlier, Gkonis and Psaraftis [11] considered that the choices inherent in maritime security decisions were interdependent and they used a game theory approach to show that the incentive to adopt security measures depends on the actions of others.…”

Section: Economic Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maritime security: an update of key issues

Marlow

2010

Maritime Policy & Management

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This paper presents a comment on some of the key issues relating to piracy, terrorism, regulatory approaches and economic issues stemming from maritime security measures. It takes a wide ranging view of these issues and argues that security measures must be managed effectively so as not to be perceived as burdensome. Furthermore, any measures adopted must cover the whole of the international logistics supply chain and not just the shipping component of such distribution channels. IntroductionWe appear to live in an age where terrorism, or at least our awareness of it, is on the increase. Terrorist attacks take place in many parts of the world making the security aspects associated with such attacks an international rather than a regional issue and calling for international policy solutions. Many of these attacks have been landbased but concern is increasing over maritime security and piracy is also a growing problem. Security involves uncertainty which, unlike risk, has no probability of occurrence attached to it. Helmick [1] considered that 'much work needs to be done to create a framework for maritime security research that is truly risk based . . . and that incorporates essential international cooperation.' Risk can be insured against but uncertainty cannot. If commercial insurance is ruled out then security becomes a matter of public policy. Geo-political concerns also affect security. Global trade relies on moving huge volumes of goods and raw materials around the world by sea and there are at least three choke points that are vulnerable to disruption. These are the Gulf of Aden, the Strait of Hormuz and the Malacca strait.The trend in logistics is for global supply chains, often depending on maritime transport, which have developed due to factors such as the deregulation of transport markets, the increased development and use of information technology systems and the opening of new markets. Transport is one of the cornerstones of globalisation and modern logistics supply chains involve many players and intermediaries. This multitude of moving parts makes security an even more challenging task. This paper contains four main sections dealing with piracy, terrorism, regulatory approaches and economic issues stemming from maritime security measures.

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Container transportation as an interdependent security problem

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Interdependent Defense Games with Applications to Internet Security at the Level of Autonomous Systems

Interdependent Defense Games with Applications to Internet Security at the Level of Autonomous Systems

Game Theory Analysis of Container Port Alliance

Maritime security: an update of key issues

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