“…Ge, Meng, Liu, Tang, & Zhao (2020) address the problem of stacking slabs in the steel industry and Maniezzo, Boschetti, & Gutjahr (2021) the problem of stacking boxes in a warehouse. As for the stacking problems in container terminals, which are the subject of this paper, a recent survey by Caserta, Schwarze, & Voß (2020) classifies them into three types: premarshalling, re-marshalling, and block relocation problem. The premarshalling problem is concerned with finding the shortest sequence of moves that sorts the containers within a bay according to a known retrieval sequence.…”