Contacts between domestic livestock and wildlife at the Kruger National Park Interface of the Republic of South Africa

Brahmbhatt, Dipa P.; Fosgate, Geoffrey T.; Dyason, Edwin; Budke, Christine M.; Gummow, Bruce; Jori, Ferrán; Ward, Michael P.; Srinivasan, Raghavan

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.08.003

Cited by 39 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…This aspect has been partially addressed for the circulation of bovine tuberculosis and other diseases from South Africa to Zimbabwe (de Garine‐Wichatitsky et al., ). In the case of FMD, serological monitoring of cattle at the interface of protected areas has rarely been undertaken until recently (Caron et al., ; Miguel et al., ) despite the importance of FMD as a transboundary infectious disease and despite the fact that protected areas in southern and eastern Africa host large concentrations of buffaloes and represent high‐risk areas for the spread of FMD from buffalo to cattle (Jori et al., , ; Dion et al., ; Brahmbhatt et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Jori

Caron

Thompson

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) inflicts severe economic losses within infected countries and is arguably the most important trade‐restricting livestock disease in the world. In southern Africa, infected African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are the major reservoir of the South African Territories (SAT) types of the virus. With the progressive expansion of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), the risk of FMD outbreaks is expected to increase due to a higher probability of buffalo/livestock contacts. To investigate the dynamics of FMD within and around the Great Limpopo TFCA (GLTFCA), 5 herds of buffaloes were sampled in June 2010 to characterize circulating viruses in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Three SAT‐2 and three SAT‐3 viral strains were isolated in both countries, including one that was genetically linked with a recent SAT‐2 outbreak in Mozambique in 2011. In addition, two groups of unvaccinated cattle (n = 192) were serologically monitored for 1 year at the wildlife/livestock interface of Gonarezhou National Park (GNP) in Zimbabwe between April 2009 and January 2010, using the liquid‐phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) and a test for antibodies directed against non‐structural proteins (NSP). Neither clinical signs nor vaccination of cattle were reported during the study, yet a high proportion of the monitored cattle showed antibody responses against SAT‐3 and SAT‐1. Antibodies against NSP were also detected in 10% of the monitored cattle. The results of this study suggest that cattle grazing in areas adjacent to the GLTFCA can be infected by buffalo or other infected livestock and that cattle trade movements can act as efficient disseminators of FMD viruses to areas several hundred kilometres from the virus source. Current methods of surveillance of FMD at the GLTFCA interface seem insufficient to control for FMD emergence and dissemination and require urgent reassessment and regional coordination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Jori

Caron

Thompson

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The numbers of cattle in the BZV were modelled as a livestock population ranging from 70 000 to 100 000 head based on the different data found in the literature and provided by the National Veterinary authorities outside the KNP (Brahmbhatt et al, 2012;Stevens et al, 2007).…”

Section: Probability For An Individual Bovine Head To Be In Contact Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa: Can the risk be mitigated?

Jori

Etter

2016

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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15.2 Highlights  Since 2000, the efficacy of foot and mouth disease control at the interface between cattle and buffaloes at the edge of the Kruger National Park has deteriorated and needs urgent improvement.  This quantitative risk assessment allowing to model the risk of FMD virus transmission between cattle and buffaloes at the edge of the KNP is based on ecological and epidemiological data and fits with past and current numbers of outbreaks.  Including variability and uncertainty this model could be used as a tool for assessing control strategies and may be easily adapted to other transfrontier conservation parks in Southern Africa.  Examples encompassing vaccination coverage (or efficacy), control of buffaloes' population in the park, control of buffaloes escaping the park are presented and discussed.3 SummaryIn Southern Africa, the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the natural reservoir of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Contacts between this species and cattle are responsible for most of the FMD outbreaks in cattle at the edge of protected areas, which generate huge economic losses. During the late 1980's and 90's, the erection of veterinary cordon fences and the regular vaccination of cattle exposed to buffalo contact at the interface of the Kruger National Park (KNP), proved to be efficient to control and prevent FMD outbreaks in South Africa. However, since 2000, the efficiency of those measures has deteriorated, resulting in an increased rate of FMD outbreaks in cattle outside KNP, currently occurring more than once a year. Based on retrospective ecological and epidemiological data, we developed a stochastic quantitative model to assess the annual risk of FMD virus (FMDV) transmission from buffalo to cattle herds present at the KNP interface. The model suggests that good immunization of approximately 75% of the cattle population combined with a reduction of buffalo/cattle contacts is an efficient combination to reduce FMDV transmission to one infective event every 5.5 years, emulating the epidemiological situation observed at the end of the 20 th century, before current failure of control measures. The model also indicates that an increasing number of buffalo present in the KNP and crossing its boundaries, combined with a reduction in the vaccination coverage of cattle herds at the interface, increases 3-fold the risk of transmission (one infective event per year).The model proposed makes biological sense and provides a good representation of current knowledge of FMD ecology and epidemiology in Southern Africa which can be used to discuss with stakeholders on different management options to control FMD at the wildlife livestock interface and updated if new information becomes available. It also suggests that the control of FMD at the KNP interface is becoming increasingly challenging and will probably require alternative approaches to control this disease and its economic impact.

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“…We constructed maps for this study using ArcGIS version 10.2 (http://www.arcgis.com). The KNP and private game reserves are fenced and have buffer zones established by double fencing ( 8 ). …”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Spillover ofMycobacterium bovisfrom Wildlife to Livestock, South  Africa

Musoke¹,

Hlokwe²,

Marcotty³

et al. 2015

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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During August 2012–February 2013, bovine tuberculosis was detected in communal livestock bordering the Greater Kruger National Park Complex (GKNPC) in South Africa. Using spacer oligonucleotide and variable number tandem repeat typing, we identified the Mycobacterium bovis strain endemic in GKNPC wildlife. Our findings indicate bovine tuberculosis spillover from GKNPC wildlife to neighboring livestock.

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Contacts between domestic livestock and wildlife at the Kruger National Park Interface of the Republic of South Africa

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa: Can the risk be mitigated?

Spillover ofMycobacterium bovisfrom Wildlife to Livestock, South  Africa

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Contacts between domestic livestock and wildlife at the Kruger National Park Interface of the Republic of South Africa

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Characteristics of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viral Strains Circulating at the Wildlife/livestock Interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Transmission of foot and mouth disease at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Kruger National Park, South Africa: Can the risk be mitigated?

Spillover ofMycobacterium bovisfrom Wildlife to Livestock, South Africa

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Spillover ofMycobacterium bovisfrom Wildlife to Livestock, South  Africa