“…As identified in the introduction, the mechanism of hot spotting is still not fully understood. The theoretical debates mainly concentrated on the trigger conditions of hot spots (critical speed versus energy input), 4,5,9,10 the effects of the brake disc structural characteristics (vents, pins, solid brake discs or ventilated brake discs), 1,16,17 the initial brake disc waviness 15 and the brake pad length. 7,8,18,19 Therefore, in order to investigate the effects of the determinants on hot spotting, a parametric study was performed on the basis of the 3D model presented in the fourth section.…”