Contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine

Osmundsen, P. E.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1982.tb04150.x

Cited by 49 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In this retrospective study evaluating patients diagnosed with contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a Danish tertiary dermatology clinic, we found that 1.0% of all patients patch tested from 2003 to 2013 had a positive patch test reaction to chlorhexidine. This finding is in line with the prevalence found in studies from other European countries, but is lower than the prevalence in previous studies from Denmark in the 1980s . Most of the reactions were weakly positive, which is in line with a recent study from Finland, but is in contrast to an older study from our clinic, where most of the reactions were strongly/extremely positive .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Most chlorhexidine‐allergic patients have dermatitis caused by contact allergy at the skin site of chlorhexidine exposure; it is estimated that contact allergy to chlorhexidine is diagnosed in 0.01–5.4% of all patch tested patients . The studies with the highest prevalence rates (2.0–5.4%) are from Denmark, and were conducted in the 1980s . No newer studies concerning the prevalence in Denmark have been performed, and it remains unknown whether the prevalence is still higher than in other European countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a tertiary dermatology clinic in Denmark

et al. 2015

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The prevalence of chlorhexidine contact allergy does not seem to be higher in Denmark than in other European countries. Patch testing with both chlorhexidine diacetate and chlorhexidine digluconate may be beneficial. Testing for immediate-type allergy in patients with a positive patch test reaction to chlorhexidine is recommended. Chlorhexidine-containing products used in the healthcare setting and in cosmetics are potential causes of sensitization and allergy. Re-exposure is common, highlighting the fact that patients and healthcare personnel need to be well informed about possible sources of exposure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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confidence: 99%

Contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a tertiary dermatology clinic in Denmark

et al. 2015

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“…2004). Overall, contact sensitivity to CHX seems to be rare as some large studies have shown a sensitization rate of about 2% (Osmundsen 1982, Bechgaard et al. 1985, Nomura et al.…”

Section: Allergic Reactions To Chxmentioning

confidence: 99%

The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics

2009

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Microorganisms and their by-products are considered to be the major cause of pulp and periradicular pathosis. Hence, a major objective in root canal treatment is to disinfect the entire root canal system, which requires that all contents of the root canal system be eliminated as possible sources of infection. This goal may be accomplished using mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation, in conjunction with medication of the root canal system between treatment sessions. To reduce or eliminate bacteria, various irrigation solutions have been advocated. Chlorhexidine is a cationic molecule, which can be used during treatment. It has a wide range of antimicrobial activity. Its cationic structure provides a unique property named substantivity. The purpose of this paper is to review the structure and mechanism of action of CHX, its antibacterial and antifungal activity, its effect on biofilm, its substantivity (residual antibacterial activity), its tissue solvent ability, its interaction with calcium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite, its anticollagenolytic activity, its effect on coronal and apical leakage of bacteria, its toxicity and allergenicity and the modulating effect of dentine and root canal components on its antimicrobial activity. A Medline search was performed from 1981 to the end of March 2008 and was limited to English-language papers. The keywords searched on Medline were 'chlorhexidine AND endodontics', 'chlorhexidine AND root canal therapy', 'chlorhexidine AND substantivity' and 'chlorhexidine AND toxicity'. The reference lists of each article were manually checked for additional articles of relevance.

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“…For example, although CHG has been safely used for antisepsis on normal skin and mucous membranes, there are case reports stating that prolonged exposure led to contact sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis or stomatitis Liippo et al, 2011;Osmundsen, 1982 . Although BAC also has been used for similar purposes, there are some reports of contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis Fuchs et al, 1993;Fisher and Stillman, 1972 as well.…”

Section: Antimicrobial Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Newly Synthesized Bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Spacer Structures Derived from Pentaerythritol or Hydroquinone

et al. 2016

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With the object of developing new biocides milder for human use than the current antiseptics, we synthesized a series of bis-quaternary ammonium compounds bis-QACs . The antimicrobial activity of the newly synthesized bis-QACs and common biocides used as antiseptics was compared by examining minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations MBCs . Moreover, the cytotoxicity of these compounds against human cells was determined to calculate the biocompatibility index BI of these compounds. BI was the ratio of the concentration of a biocide giving a 50% lethal effect on normal human epidermal keratinocytes to its MBC against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The commonly used antiseptics tested were benzalkonium chloride BAC , octenidine dihydrochloride OCT , chlorhexidine digluconate CHG and polyhexamethylene biguanide PHMB . In comparison with these antiseptics, it was shown that some of new bis-QACs exhibited a wider and more potent antimicrobial spectrum than OCT. The cytotoxicity of these bisQACs was equal or lower compared to that of the quaternary ammonium compounds BAC and OCT , although these bis-QACs showed higher toxicity than the biguanide-based compounds CHG and PHMB . Finally, the comparison of BIs revealed that new bis-QACs such as N-dodecyl 4,4 -2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro 5.5 undecan-3,9-diyl dipyridinium dibromide 4TOSU-12 , 3,3'-1,4-Phenylenebis oxy bis 1-dodecylpyridinium dibromide 3PHBO-12 and 3-3-Hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl -2-1-dodecylpyridinium-3-yl oxy methyl propoxy -1-dodecylpyridinium dibromide 3HHDMP-12 had equal or greater biocompatibility than the commonly used biocides tested. Thus, these results strongly suggested that 4TOSU-12, 3PHBO-12 and 3HHDMP-12 could be useful as antiseptics for topical application to the skin.

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Contact dermatitis to chlorhexidine

Cited by 49 publications

References 4 publications

Contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a tertiary dermatology clinic in Denmark

Contact allergy to chlorhexidine in a tertiary dermatology clinic in Denmark

The properties and applications of chlorhexidine in endodontics

<i>In Vitro</i> Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Newly Synthesized Bis-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Spacer Structures Derived from Pentaerythritol or Hydroquinone

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