Contact dermatitis in children

Romaguera, C.; Alomar, A.; Camarasa, J. G.; Bravo, Begoña García; Perez, A. Garcia; Grimalt, F.; Guerra, P.; Gorretcher, B. Lopez; Pascual, Alfons; Miranda, A.; Moran, M.; Pena, M. L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01140.x

Cited by 46 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, during the last 10-20 years, several reports have described a considerable number of children with contact allergy and ACD (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32), confirming that contact allergy and ACD is not infrequent in children and may cause a significant clinical problem. Weston et al (33) estimated that ACD accounts for up to 20% of all dermatitis in childhood.…”

Section: Incidence and Prevalence Of Allergic Contact Dermatitis And mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents

1999

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From a clinical point of view, the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) among children and adolescents seems to be low. However, many children have dermatitis, most often atopic dermatitis. In selected cases, ACD is suspected, and the child is tested. The question remains, whether the prevalence of ACD in children really is low or whether the possibility of ACD is not sufficiently considered. During the last decade, reports have appeared on series of children and adolescents with contact allergy and ACD. Few cases have been reported in infants, but the development of contact allergy and ACD increases with age. Most studies include selected groups of children and adolescents with suspected ACD. Few studies have examined unselected populations, and most consider only the prevalence of contact allergy without evaluating the clinical relevance, e.g., the prevalence of ACD. Furthermore, no follow-up studies exist. Therefore, the incidence and prevalence of contact allergy and ACD in children and adolescents is largely unknown.Key words: allergic contact dermatitis; contact allergy; Type IV allergy; patch testing; allergens; clinical relevance; children; adolescents; epidemiology; incidence; prevalence; atopic dermatitis; IgE-mediated hypersensitivity; Type I allergy. C Munksgaard, 1999. Accepted for publication 1 April 1999Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children and adolescents is seen occasionally, and several reports on series of children and adolescents with ACD have appeared in the literature (1-7). The frequency of unselected children and adolescents with positive patch tests to standard series allergens is not negligible (8-10). About 8% of unselected adolescents are nickel allergic and about 2% react to fragrance mix (11). When the contact allergy develops, and what the consequences of a positive patch test result are for the individual child, is less clear. This review summarizes the current knowledge from an epidemiological and clinical point of view. Epidemiology Definitions and study designsThere are many definitions of epidemiology: one of the clearest is the study of occurrence of illness (12). The frequency of ACD can be expressed in terms of its incidence (the number of new cases of ACD during a defined period in a specific population) or its prevalence (the number of persons in the population with ACD at a certain point in time or during a certain period of time).The 3 most important types of observational study in the epidemiology of ACD are follow-up (cohort) studies, case-control studies and crosssectional studies.(i) In follow-up studies, selection of subjects is based upon exposure to factors of interest. In the prospective follow-up study, the person is exposed but free of the disease at the beginning of the study and is followed over a certain period of time. When both exposure and disease are historical, the study is described as a retrospective follow-up study. This design is less expensive than the prospective study. The measurement in follow-up studies is incidence.(ii) In ...

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Section: Incidence and Prevalence Of Allergic Contact Dermatitis And mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children and adolescents is seen occasionally, and several reports on series of children and adolescents with ACD have appeared in the literature (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). The frequency of unselected children and adolescents with positive patch tests to standard series allergens is not negligible (8)(9)(10).…”

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Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents

1999

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“…Topical medications that frequently test positive are neomycin, thimerosal, merbromin (mercurochrome), ethylenediamine and balsam of Peru. Other allergens include metals, e.g., cobalt and potassium dichromate, mercury (9,10,11,(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), mercaptobenzothiazole (17,19), and fragrance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Kwangsukstith

Maibach

1995

Contact Dermatitis

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This article reviews the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). We found that the incidence of ACD in childhood is lower than in adults; this may be explained by less exposure to allergens, lack of immune response and limited patch test studies in this age group. In the elderly, there is an age-dependent decrease in the incidence of ACD, with decreased sensitization to new allergens and waning responses in previously sensitized subjects. There is extensive controversy about the effect of sex differences in ACD. The induction phases of ACD in both sexes are different due to differences in exposure to the allergens from occupations, habits and cultures. Differences in elicitation phases of ACD in both sexes are not confirmed. Women tend to have a higher incidence of ACD and higher immunologic response to exposure allergens than men. Thus we can only imprecisely define the effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of ACD. Further prospective studies should be done to answer these questions.

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“…Romaguera et al (1985) reported positive reactions in 11 of 1023 children tested, a nearly identical prevalence rate of 1.1%, while Tunnessen (1984) reported a similar prevalence rate of 2.4%. These response rates for chromium sensitivity in children compare closely with the 1.3% prevalence rate reported by Lammintausta et al (1982) for 536 adult hospital employees.…”

Section: Chromium Sensitivity In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…The explanation is probably twofold: improved patch-test-clinical correlation by physicians, and a decrease in the extent of the exposure (Fowler, 1990). Recent data indicate that between 1.5 and 2.4% of dermatological patients react to patch testing with 0.5% potassium dichromate (Kanerva et al, 1988;Lammintausta et al, 1982;Lantinga et al, 1984;NACDG, unpublished data, 1990;Romaguera and Grimait, 1980;Romaguera et al, 1985;Schachner and Ling, 1983;Tunnessen, 1984).…”

Section: Clinical Experience With Hexavalent Chromiummentioning

confidence: 96%

Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium‐contaminated soil: Identifying a “safe” concentration

Paustenbach

Sheehan

Paull

et al. 1992

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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At least 200 sites in the United States contain soil with elevated levels of trivalent and hexavalent chromium [Cr(III) and Cr(VI)]. Although the potential cancer hazard posed by airborne Cr(VI) has been the primary concern for these sites, a soil cleanup standard based on the potential elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis has been proposed for sites in Hudson County, N.J. This paper describes the rationale for identifying a soil concentration of Cr(VI) that should not pose an allergic contact dermatitis hazard-even in sensitized persons. A literature review of eight published patch test studies that evaluated the allergic response to potassium dichromate was conducted. These studies were evaluated for clinical and statistical relevance in establishing a threshold dose of Cr(VI) to which no more than 10% of the subpopulation sensitized to chromium would respond, and that would protect at least 99.84% of the general population. Although each of the studies had certain methodological limitations when evaluated against current test methods, the data set proved useful for deriving an estimated threshold. Using computer data-fitting techniques based on truncated lognormal distributions, a weighted mean 10% threshold of approximately 150 ppm potassium dichromate or 54 ppm Cr(VI) was identified for the eight studies. Due to the types of limitations noted for these studies, this threshold is likely to be somewhat conservative. Test results have shown that between 5 and 10% of the Cr(VI) at concentrations less than about 500 ppm are released from a soil matrix into an isotonic saline solution simulating sweat. Using human sweat as the extractant, it has been shown that only 0.1% of the CR(VI) at concentrations of approximately 1,000 ppm are released from a soil matrix into sweat. Based on 10% solubilization of soil-bound Cr(VI) and the results of our statistical analysis of previous threshold studies, a concentration of approximately 350 to 500 ppm Cr(VI) in soil should be sufficiently low to protect virtually all exposed people, including children, from chromium-induced allergic contact dermatitis.

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Contact dermatitis in children

Cited by 46 publications

References 2 publications

Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents

Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents

Effect of age and sex on the induction and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis

Review of the allergic contact dermatitis hazard posed by chromium‐contaminated soil: Identifying a “safe” concentration

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