Contact and non-contact ultrasonic measurement in the food industry: a review

Khairi, Mohd; Ibrahim, Suhaimi; Yunus, Mohd Amri Md; Faramarzi, Mahdi

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/27/1/012001

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…These sensors measure the speed and attenuation of sound waves and are used to determine sugar levels in processed fruit or alcohol levels in wines and liqueurs. These sensors have also been used to monitor variations in alcoholic grade during the fermentation of wine and beer and to evaluate the quality of fruit and vegetables before and after harvesting and during storage [ 76 , 77 ].…”

Section: Us Technology In Different Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Ultrasound in Food Science and Technology: A Perspective

Gallo

Ferrara

Naviglio

2018

Foods

269

147

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Ultrasound is composed of mechanical sound waves that originate from molecular movements that oscillate in a propagation medium. The waves have a very high frequency, equal to approximately 20 kHz, are divided into two categories (i.e., low-intensity and high-intensity waves) and cannot be perceived by the human ear. Nature has created the first ultrasound applications. Bats use ultrasound to navigate in the dark, and many cetaceans use echolocation to detect prey or obstacles using ultrasound produced by their vocal system. Ultrasound is commonly associated with the biomedical field. Today, ultrasound-based methods and equipment are available to detect organs, motion, tumour masses, and pre/post-natal handicaps, and for kidney stone removal, physiotherapy, and aesthetic cures. However, ultrasound has found multiple applications in many other fields as well. In particular, ultrasound has recently been used in the food industry to develop various effective and reliable food processing applications. Therefore, this review summarizes the major applications of ultrasound in the food industry. The most common applications in the food industry include cell destruction and extraction of intracellular material. Depending on its intensity, ultrasound is used for the activation or deactivation of enzymes, mixing and homogenization, emulsification, dispersion, preservation, stabilization, dissolution and crystallization, hydrogenation, tenderization of meat, ripening, ageing and oxidation, and as an adjuvant for solid-liquid extraction for maceration to accelerate and to improve the extraction of active ingredients from different matrices, as well as the degassing and atomization of food preparations.

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Section: Us Technology In Different Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Ultrasound in Food Science and Technology: A Perspective

Gallo

Ferrara

Naviglio

2018

Foods

269

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The ultrasonic sensor used in this work operates in the pitch catch mode. The transmitter and the receiver are installed at the same side thus functioning as a single transceiver (Mohd, 2016). Ultrasonic transmitter emits an ultrasonic wave in one direction, and immediately starts a time counter.…”

Section: The Ultrasonic Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Automatic Body Mass Index Measurement Machine

et al. 2019

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The potential occurrence of certain illnesses can be easily diagnosed through measurements of some health indicators. One of such parameters is the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is simply the ratio of mass (kg) of a body to the square of its height (m2). This research presents the design and construction of an automated BMI measurement machine for medical purposes. It consists of three major units: the weighing unit (5 – 200 kg); height-measuring unit (0.02 – 2 m) and the processing unit. The weighing unit is made up of load button cell and load cell amplifier while the height-measuring unit consists of ultrasonic sensor. The analog differential output voltage from load cell is connected to arduino microcontroller via a Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) integrated with Analogue-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The two units are connected to an open source arduino uno which computes mass-to-body ratio and sends the output results (mass, height and BMI) to the liquid crystal display (LCD). The weighing system was calibrated against a precision digital weighing system and it gave a correlation of 0.99. The height measurement was also compared with manual height measurement using a tape rule which gave a correlation of 0.97. The developed Instrument is cost effective and has high positive correlation with the standards (weighing scale and tape rule), it is therefore recommended for the measurement of weight, height and BMI. Keywords— load button cell, load cell amplifier, ultrasonic, body mass index, arduino uno

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“…As the fuel tank is a closed container, its internal environment is high pressure, low temperature, etc., and its internal liquid fuel is inflammable and explosive. Therefore, it is not suitable to use a contact sensor introduced into the container to measure the liquid level [ 9 , 10 ]. Ultrasonic non destructive testing (NDT) technology has gradually become the mainstream for liquid-level detection [ 11 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Ultrasonic Near-Field Region in Ultrasonic Liquid-Level Monitoring System

Gao

Liu

et al. 2020

Micromachines

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In the method of monitoring the liquid level based on ultrasonic impedance, the near-field effect can seriously affect the validity of the results. In this paper, we explore the factors affecting the length of the ultrasonic near field. Based on that, we propose the optimal length and the minimum length of the buffer block to avoid the near field. The evaluations show that when the parameters of the ultrasonic probe are 15 mm in diameter, 1 MHz in frequency, and ±15 V in emitted ultrasonic wave amplitude, the best results are obtained when the length of the buffer block is 22 mm. When the probe diameter is 10 mm, the buffer block length should be ≥5 mm to ensure the validity of the measured results. The evaluation precision is 1 mm. This research can effectively avoid the blind area of emitted waves when using ultrasonic to measure the liquid level. It provides an effective basis for the selection and design of ultrasonic probes.

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Contact and non-contact ultrasonic measurement in the food industry: a review

Cited by 36 publications

References 104 publications

Application of Ultrasound in Food Science and Technology: A Perspective

Application of Ultrasound in Food Science and Technology: A Perspective

Development of an Automatic Body Mass Index Measurement Machine

Study of Ultrasonic Near-Field Region in Ultrasonic Liquid-Level Monitoring System

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