Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and n-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women

Bourque, Christine; St‐Onge, Marie‐Pierre; Papamandjaris, Andrea A.; Cohn, Jeffrey S.; Jones, Peter J.H.

doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(03)00070-2

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Recent studies in our laboratory have shown that in humans, MCT oil in combination with phytosterols and flaxseed oil has the capacity to negate the deleterious effects of plain MCT feeding [36]. Unexpectedly, this was not observed using the hamster model.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…MCTo feeding for 27 days in 17 healthy obese women elicited a decrease of 10.2% in LDL cholesterol, with no significant change in circulating triglyceride or HDL cholesterol concentrations [36]. In addition, MCTo feeding in these women was shown to increase average energy expenditure and fat oxidation as measured through indirect calorimetry [37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Wollin

Wang

Kubow

et al. 2004

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the antioxidant ␣-lipoic acid (ALP) versus a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture (MCTo), which was designed to increase energy expenditure and to improve lipid profiles containing medium chain triglycerides, phytosterols, and omega-3 fatty acids in the form of flaxseed oil. A total of 48 hamsters were fed a) hypercholesterolemic (HC) control, b) HC MCTo, c) HC ALP, or d) HC MCTo/ALP diet for 4 weeks. No differences were observed on food intake, body weight, total body water, lean and fat mass, and tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). ALP alone had no effect on total cholesterol (TC); however, MCTo feeding increased TC with (P Ͻ 0.03) and without (P Ͻ 0.003) ALP when compared with control. ALP increased HDL levels compared with control (P Ͻ 0.04) and MCTo/ALP (P Ͻ 0.007) groups. MCTo, with (P Ͻ 0.0001) or without (P Ͻ 0.006) ALP, increased non-HDL cholesterol levels versus control. The non-HDL:HDL cholesterol ratio was decreased by ALP compared with MCTo (45%) and MCTo/ALP (68%) (P Ͻ 0.0001), a similar trend was seen when compared with the HC control (22%) group (P Ͻ 0.14). Triglyceride levels were not altered by any dietary treatment. Liver and heart tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased (P Ͻ 0.05) by all three treatments when compared with control. Both tissues showed an increase (P Ͻ 0.05) in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) when fed ALP as compared with other treatments. Hamsters fed ALP had a lower (P Ͻ 0.05) GSH/GSSG ratio compared with other treatment groups. In conclusion, MCTo feeding does not elicit beneficial effects on circulating plasma lipids and measures of body composition. In addition, our results do not clearly support an improvement in oxidative status through supplementation of ALP. However, our results do support the existence of beneficial effects of ALP on circulating lipoprotein content in the hamster.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Wollin

Wang

Kubow

et al. 2004

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry

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“…Inappropriate dosage of phytosterols is therefore not likely. Each phytosterol-containing beverage provided 0.6 g of phytosterols for a total daily dose of 1.8 g, a quantity determined by our group (8,9,29,30) and others (3,6,7,11) to be sufficient to elicit a hypocholesterolemic response. This level of consumption of plant sterols, when dispersed in a fat matrix, has been shown to reduce TC and LDL cholesterol concentrations by an average of 10% and 13%, respectively (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosterols in low- and nonfat beverages as part of a controlled diet fail to lower plasma lipid levels

Jones

Vanstone

Raeini−Sarjaz

et al. 2003

Journal of Lipid Research

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Dietary phytosterols have been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations when consumed in different food matrices, but their effectiveness in nonfat or low-fat beverages has not been established. The objective of this study was to examine whether phytosterols alter plasma lipid levels when incorporated into nonfat or low-fat beverages. Fifteen moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women consumed three precisely controlled diets for periods of 21 days each in random order. Diets contained either a nonfat placebo beverage (NF), a beverage that is nonfat with added phytosterols (NFPS), or a beverage that is low in fat with added phytosterols (LFPS). Total cholesterol concentrations were not different between groups at endpoint, decreasing ( P Ͻ 0.05) equally by 8.5%, 11.6%, and 10.1% with NF, NFPS, and LFPS consumption, respectively. There was no effect of dietary treatment on LDL cholesterol concentrations, which decreased over time ( P Ͻ 0.05) by 5%, 10.4%, and 8.5% with NF, NFPS, and LFPS, respectively. HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected by the diets. Provision of phytosterols as part of nonfat and low-fat beverages did not exert any greater hypocholesterolemic effect than a nonfat placebo beverage. These results show that intake of phytosterols in a low-fat beverage format is not efficacious for lipid level modification. Low-fat diets containing less than 30% of energy as fat and less than 10% as saturated fat have long been promoted for lowering plasma cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic patients. Recently, the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines have added the inclusion of phytosterols as part of their therapeutic lifestyle changes dietary guidelines (1) in addition to the traditional recommendations to lower total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes.Furthermore, in 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration issued a health claim stating that foods containing plant sterol and stanol esters, when consumed in foods low in saturated fat and cholesterol, reduced the risk of coronary heart disease (2). Phytosterols have traditionally been incorporated into margarines, spreads, and other high-fat foods and have been shown to be efficacious in lowering total cholesterol (TC) and LDL cholesterol (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). In a recent meta-analysis, it was reported that consumption of more than 2 g of phytosterols/day reduced LDL cholesterol concentrations by 0.33 to 0.54 mmol/l, depending on the age of the subjects studied, and that intakes of less than 2 g/day led to reductions in LDL cholesterol of at least 0.4 to 0.5 mmol/l (3). It is thus generally agreed that phytosterol consumption leads to, on average, a 10% reduction in TC and a 13% reduction in LDL cholesterol concentrations.Phytosterols exert their cholesterol-lowering action by suppressing intestinal cholesterol absorption while partially suppressing cholesterol biosynthesis (9, 12, 13). While they are only partially absorbed into the circul...

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“…Previous studies from our group have shown that MCT, when combined with flaxseed oil and phytosterols, also improve plasma lipid profiles in men 23 and women. 24 These effects make this oil combination a suitable candidate for classification as a functional food. A functional food is a food that is similar in appearance to a conventional food, but that provides demonstrated health benefits or reduces the risk of chronic disease above and beyond its basic nutritional functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue

2003

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OBJECTIVE: Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) consumption has been shown to increase energy expenditure (EE) and lead to greater losses of the adipose tissue in animals and humans. The objective of this research was to examine the relationship between body composition and thermogenic responsiveness to MCT treatment. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover, controlled feeding trial, with diets rich in either MCT or long-chain triglyceride (LCT) (as olive oil) for periods of 4 weeks each. SUBJECTS: A total of 19 healthy overweight men aged (x7s.e.m.) 44.572.5 y with a body mass index of 27.870.5 kg/m 2 . MEASUREMENTS: EE and body composition were measured using indirect calorimetry and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively, at the baseline and end point of each feeding period. EE was measured for 30 min before consumption of a standard meal and for 5.5 h following the meal. RESULTS: Body weight (BW) decreased (Po0.05) by 1.0370.25 kg with MCT consumption compared to 0.6270.29 kg with LCT consumption. The difference in average EE between MCT and LCT consumptions was related to initial BW, such that men with lower initial BW had a greater rise in EE with MCT consumption relative to LCT on day 28 (r ¼ À0.472, P ¼ 0.04) but not day 2 (r ¼ À0.368, P ¼ 0.12). Similar results were obtained with fat oxidation on day 28 (r ¼ À0.553, P ¼ 0.01). The greater rise in fat oxidation with MCT compared to LCT consumption on day 2 tended to be related to greater loss of BW after MCT vs LCT consumption (r ¼ À0.4075, P ¼ 0.08). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that shunting of dietary fat towards oxidation results in diminished fat storage, as reflected by the loss of BW and subcutaneous adipose tissue. Furthermore, MCT consumption may stimulate EE and fat oxidation to a lower extent in men of greater BW compared to men of lower BW, indicative of the lower responsiveness to a rapidly oxidized fat by overweight men.

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Consumption of an oil composed of medium chain triacyglycerols, phytosterols, and n-3 fatty acids improves cardiovascular risk profile in overweight women

Cited by 54 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Effects of a medium chain triglyceride oil mixture and α-lipoic acid diet on body composition, antioxidant status, and plasma lipid levels in the Golden Syrian hamster

Phytosterols in low- and nonfat beverages as part of a controlled diet fail to lower plasma lipid levels

Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue

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