Consumo frecuente de alimentos industrializados y su percepción en adolescentes indígenas Mayas con sobrepeso y obesidad

Abstract

Resumen Se planteó como objetivo identificar cuáles y de qué tipo son los alimentos industrializados modernos que los adolescentes con sobrepeso y obesidad consumen y la percepción que tienen de ellos. El estudio fue de tipo cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo e interpretativo; se llevó a cabo con estudiantes adolescentes de cuatro secundarias del municipio de Abalá, Yucatán, México. Constó de tres etapas, en la primera se realizaron mediciones antropométricas a 292 estudiantes de las secundarias para obtener el Índice de Masa Corporal, en la segunda se seleccionaron al azar 58 estudiantes que presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad; a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. En la tercera etapa se realizaron cuatro grupos focales para conocer la percepción respecto al consumo de alimentos. Se observó una ingesta alta de alimentos industrializados modernos en el desayuno, receso escolar y cena; en el tiempo de la comida aún se consumen preparaciones tradicionales. Existe una transculturación de la alimentación en los adolescentes.

Cultural factors related to childhood and adolescent obesity in Mexico: A systematic review of qualitative studies

“…All the included studies were published during or after 2010. Overall, 12 studies 33,35,36,[38][39][40][44][45][46]48,49,51 included children or adolescents, 12 included parents, 29,30,32,[34][35][36][37]41,42,47,49,51 eight included teachers, 28,30,31,35,36,43,49,51 four included school principals or other school staff (not directly in charge of the child's care), 28,30,43,49 four included school food vendors or school's kitchen staff, 28,30,43,49 and one included policymakers or academics (Table A1). 50 Most of the studies were qualitative and used structured or semi-structured interviews with thematic analysis.…”

“…Overall, the conception of a good diet was limited to consuming fruits and vegetables. 30,33,35,38,41,45,46,48,49 In the narratives, the term "junk food" usually refers to ultra-processed products with high fat, salt, and/or sugar content (e.g., crisps or candies) and were considered "unhealthy products." 33,35,36,42,43 Nevertheless, some discrepancies exist when identifying "junk" products across free codes.…”

“…[33][34][35][36][37]42,47,49 Children and some parents associate food's quantity (rather than quality) with obesity. 32,46,49 Additionally, children prioritize food's flavor over its nutritional value. 30,32,33,35,38,46,48,49,51 The relevance of taste in the children's food decisions was also highlighted by several parents, [33][34][35][36] school staff, and food vendors.…”

“…30,32,33,35,38,46,48,49,51 Overall, parents and teachers described food available in schools as "junk" or "unhealthy." 30,33,35,38,45,46,48,49 School food vendors interviewed in one study 30 emphasized their main purpose was to offer hygienic foods and please the children's preferences rather than consider their nutritional needs. Likewise, food vendors believed that fruits and vegetables were not suitable to sell, mainly because the preparation is time demanding (e.g., peeling and cutting) and have a limited shelf life compared with other products.…”

“…Some children reported being susceptible to food marketing campaigns, and some parents also acknowledge such susceptibility among children. 39,46,48,49 Parents also trust marketing campaigns or slogans (e.g., "light"), which made them believe products were "healthy" options and could aid obesity prevention. 34,42,43,49,50 Additionally, one study reported that one international soda company had provided resources to reform the school.…”