Consuming communities: the neighbourhood unit and the role of retail spaces on British housing estates, 1944–1958

Greenhalgh, J. F. D.

doi:10.1017/s0963926815000449

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The inflection point we identified in our study was at approximately 9400 population per km 2 for life expectancy using data on all CTs. This inflection point is within the range of what was advocated by Patrick Abercrombie in the 1940s; he suggested for neighbourhood units in Greater London of 10,000 people, or a net density of 3000 to 10,000 people per km 2 , with the intention that these neighbour units would feel like villages or small towns where the community spirit is still lively and perceptible [ 43 ]. More recently, Sarkar et al 2017 study in Hong Kong found an inverted ‘U-shaped’ relationship with residential units and adiposity outcomes, whereby density increased adiposity outcomes until a certain threshold (1800 residential units per km 2 or ~4900 persons/km 2 ) and, thereafter, decreased and provided health benefits [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Assessing Trade-Offs and Optimal Ranges of Density for Life Expectancy and 12 Causes of Mortality in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 1990–2016

Gustafson

Tran

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: Understanding and managing the impacts of population growth and densification are important steps for sustainable development. This study sought to evaluate the health trade-offs associated with increasing densification and to identify the optimal balance of neighbourhood densification for health. Methods: We linked population density with a 27-year mortality dataset in Metro Vancouver that includes census-tract levels of life expectancy (LE), cause-specific mortalities, and area-level deprivation. We applied two methods: (1) difference-in-differences (DID) models to study the impacts of densification changes from the early 1990s on changes in mortality over a 27-year period; and (2) smoothed cubic splines to identify thresholds of densification at which mortality rates accelerated. Results: At densities above ~9400 persons per km2, LE began to decrease more rapidly. By cause, densification was linked to decreased mortality for major causes of mortality in the region, such as cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, and diabetes. Greater inequality with increasing density was observed for causes such as human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexually transmitted infections, and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Conclusions: Areas with higher population densities generally have lower rates of mortality from the major causes, but these environments are also associated with higher relative inequality from largely preventable causes of death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Assessing Trade-Offs and Optimal Ranges of Density for Life Expectancy and 12 Causes of Mortality in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 1990–2016

Gustafson

Tran

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…142 Womersley was one of a number of architects and planners across Britain who by the 1960s were becoming concerned by the burgeoning challenges posed by 'affluence' for designing new urban forms. 143 In this, they were echoing concerns being aired contemporaneously by a range of figures on the political left. 144 The historian Selina Todd has emphasised the limits of 'affluence' in 1950s and 1960s Britain: poverty and precarity continued to dictate and shape working-class experiences.…”

Section: Managing a Communitymentioning

confidence: 94%

Demythologising Park Hill, Sheffield: The Hawksmoor Prize Essay 2022

Smith

2023

Archit. hist.

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The Park Hill estate in Sheffield was one of the most monumental and experimental projects in twentieth-century British housing. Designed by two young architects, Jack Lynn and Ivor Smith, it was constructed between 1957 and 1961 under the city’s Labour-led council, one of the country’s most visionary post-war local authorities. The estate has been celebrated for its ’streets in the sky’ design, an architectural approach associated with Alison and Peter Smithson which sought to salvage and recreate patterns of working-class community and social life from the slums that were razed during the rebuilding of Britain’s cities. This article deconstructs mythologies that have come to dominate narratives about Park Hill and its approach to community. It shows that the design of the estate did not recreate the pattern of nineteenth-century housing which formerly stood on the site, nor was it conceived to recreate the working-class community which had existed there. In doing so, this article reassesses the supposed political radicalism of the British welfare state in the early post-war period. While Park Hill has been acclaimed as architecturally innovative, its politics were not straightforwardly progressive. Like much post-war reconstruction, it sprang from a dialogue with older liberal frameworks of welfare delivery.

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“…Kissfazekaz [6] noticed that the concept of "15-minute cities" is, in fact, a development of the 100-year-old concept of the neighborhood unit, especially popular in Europe. Geenhalgh [7] discussed the British example of the neighborhood unit. This approach has been used since 1944, and Pozokidou and Chatziyiannaki [5] concluded that the concept uses "long established planning principles" to provide attractive neighborhoods.…”

Section: Alternative Concepts (3d Compact City Tod)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Role of Railway Stations and Public Transport Nodes in the Development of “15-Minute Cities”

Wolański

2023

Infrastructures

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In 2016, Carlos Moreno proposed the concept of “15-minute cities” based on the principles of proximity, diversity, density, and ubiquity. In fact, he re-formulated (“re-invented”) some of the already existing planning principles, making them recognized and desired by non-professionals. Moreno, however, paid little attention to the external connectivity of neighborhoods, assuming that most needs would be satisfied locally. This paper aims to discuss the concept of “15-minute cities” from the transport planning point of view and investigate how the concept can contribute to such planning. The research review conducted in this paper suggests that similar actions in the past caused a modal shift from the use of cars to public transport, rather than a radical limitation of total transport needs. To simplify, if a neighborhood is well designed, people are more likely to walk, ride a bike, and use public transport, but the majority will still commute outside of the neighborhood for work. In the metropolis of the ideal “15-minute city”, Barcelona, the majority of the inhabitants travel to work either by car or public transport, which proves that they need to move outside the neighborhood. This leads us to the conclusions that (1) “15-minute cities” should incorporate the transit-oriented development concept and include public transport nodes, such as railways or underground stations, as the central point of walkable, multifunctional neighborhoods, and (2) railway/underground station planners should pay more attention to the creation of a proper mix of services at and around the stations according to “15-minute cities” principles. In the future, there should also be more emphasis on re-allocating workplaces to neighborhoods, as well as on researching the actual impact of the (improved and current) “15-minute cities” design on transport volumes.

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Consuming communities: the neighbourhood unit and the role of retail spaces on British housing estates, 1944–1958

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Assessing Trade-Offs and Optimal Ranges of Density for Life Expectancy and 12 Causes of Mortality in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 1990–2016

Assessing Trade-Offs and Optimal Ranges of Density for Life Expectancy and 12 Causes of Mortality in Metro Vancouver, Canada, 1990–2016

Demythologising Park Hill, Sheffield: The Hawksmoor Prize Essay 2022

The Potential Role of Railway Stations and Public Transport Nodes in the Development of “15-Minute Cities”

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