Consumer sleep technology for the screening of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring: current status and a protocol for a systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic test accuracy

Abstract

Summary There are concerns about the validation and accuracy of currently available consumer sleep technology for sleep‐disordered breathing. The present report provides a background review of existing consumer sleep technologies and discloses the methods and procedures for a systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic test accuracy of these devices and apps for the detection of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring in comparison with polysomnography. The search will be performed in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library). Studies will be selected in two steps, first by an analysis of abstracts followed by full‐text analysis, and two independent reviewers will perform both phases. Primary outcomes include apnea–hypopnea index, respiratory disturbance index, respiratory event index, oxygen desaturation index, and snoring duration for both index and reference tests, as well as the number of true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives for each threshold, as well as for epoch‐by‐epoch and event‐by‐event results, which will be considered for the calculation of surrogate measures (including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy). Diagnostic test accuracy meta‐analyses will be performed using the Chu and Cole bivariate binomial model. Mean difference meta‐analysis will be performed for continuous outcomes using the DerSimonian and Laird random‐effects model. Analyses will be performed independently for each outcome. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will evaluate the effects of the types (wearables, nearables, bed sensors, smartphone applications), technologies (e.g., oximeter, microphone, arterial tonometry, accelerometer), the role of manufacturers, and the representativeness of the samples.

Validation of Downloadable Mobile Snore Applications by Polysomnography (PSG)

“…There are ongoing efforts to develop protocols for evaluating the diagnostic test accuracy of screening consumer sleep technology for obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. 16 The lack of standardized methods for assessing the performance of these technologies has spurred sleep scientists to champion an interdisciplinary initiative. Their goal is to establish a comprehensive framework for the rigorous, standardized, and prompt evaluation of emerging sleep disorder-related technologies.…”

Application of p and n-Type Silicon Nanowires as Human Respiratory Sensing Device

“…No feature loss is evident, 219 We performed a comparison test between the breath sensor of SiNWs and a commercial respiratory sensor made by Nox Medical company. Nox A1s™ PSG System is an expensive commercialized sensor that is currently being used in studying sleep apnea or performing other sleep studies [42]. This particular sensor quantifies the nasal airflow pressure and lacks the capability to discern mouth breathing, which is prevalent in sleep apnea.…”