Construction Sequence of the Koh Ker Monuments Constrained by the Chemical Composition and Magnetic Susceptibility of Its Bricks

Uchida, Etsuo; Sakurai, Yuichiro

doi:10.4236/ad.2018.62009

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In other ancient Khmer monuments, such as Koh Ker, the analysis of the chemical composition of brick material provided valuable evidence for identifying the construction sequence [25], and the analysis of the chemical composition and magnetic susceptibility of laterite materials have aided in deducing the construction sequence of each building [26]. In addition, the sandstone study of Khmer monuments in Thailand successfully identified the provenance of the sandstone materials by chemical composition [27].…”

Section: Chemical Composition Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks

2019

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Sambor Prei Kuk is a predominantly brick monument complex identified as Ishanapura, the capital of the Chenla Dynasty, which reached the height of prosperity in the first half of the 7th century. In the east area of this ancient city, the religious area was formed by three temple complexes which are composed of brick shrines and a multiple number of smaller temples with single or a few shrines scattered in the area. One of the challenging issues is to identify the dates and order in which these structures are constructed. Previous studies based on epigraphy and decorative style have estimated a simple dating of the three temple complexes. In this research, 59 major brick structures which are relatively well preserved in this area were analyzed in terms of the size and chemical composition of their component bricks. This analysis revealed that these brick structures can be classified into several groups corresponding to construction stages. The results revealed that the individual shrines in each temple complexes were built in a more complex process than previously stated, and the construction stages of the individual shrines in the vicinity were also identified as an equally complex process.

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Section: Chemical Composition Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks

2019

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“…Information on how ancient brick was manufactured was reported in another study on the Bagan temples in Myanmar (Oh et al 2019) and a Cham Dynasty temple in Vietnam (Abdrakhimov and Abdrakhimova 2018). Furthermore, research in Cambodia employ analytical techniques to study the sequence of brick construction based on the changes in chemical composition from temples at Sambor Prei Kuk (Shimoda et al 2019) and Koh Ker (Uchida and Sakurai 2018). In Thailand, archaeological dating techniques such as thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence were applied to bricks from archaeological sites at Wiang Kaen (Won-in et al 2008), Thung Tuk (Pailoplee et al 2010;Pailoplee et al 2016) and the brick wall at Songkhla (Puttagan et al 2019).…”

Section: Chemical Analysis Of Bricks In the Southeast Asian Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Chemistry Methods of Estimating the Original Firing Temperature of Bricks from a 19th Century Convent in the Philippines: Perspective of a Southeast Asian Country | Mga Pamamaraan ng Mapanuring-Kimika sa Pagtantya ng Orihinal na Temperatura ng Pagsunog sa Ladrilyo Mula sa Isang Ika-19 na Siglong Kumbento sa Pilipinas: Pananaw ng Isang Bansa sa Timog-Silangang Asya

Cayme

2021

SPJ

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Countries in Southeast Asia have a unique and diverse culture due to its varied ethnic groups having different traditions and beliefs. The process of manufacturing building materials such as brick masonry is one aspect where this distinctiveness is manifested. This study provides a general analytical chemistry method that will estimate the original firing temperature of a historical brick material from a convent in Milaor, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Different instrumental techniques were utilized namely the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). From these techniques, the chemical and mineralogical composition of the brick was reported. The clay mixture used in the production of the brick is known to be non-calcareous and low refractory, that was fired in an oxidizing atmosphere. The brick’s microstructure is classified within the initial vitrification stage based on the features of the mineral transformations. The results of this study point to an estimated firing temperature range of 650°C to 850°C. An emphasis on the importance of chemical analysis in studying cultural heritage materials in the Southeast Asian region is also highlighted on this paper. Ang mga bansa sa Timog-Silangang Asya ay may natatangi at magkakaibang kultura sanhi ng iba’t ibang mga pangkat etniko na may magkakaibang tradisyon at paniniwala. Ang pamamaraan ng paggawa sa mga materyales ng lumang gusali tulad ng ladrilyo ay isang aspeto kung saan naipapamalas ang pagkakaiba-iba nito. Ang pagaaral na ito ay nagbibigay ng isang pangkalahatang pamamaraan ng mapanuring-kimika para tantyahin ang orihinal na temperatura ng paggawa sa lumang ladrilyo mula sa isang kumbento ng Milaor, Camarines Sur, Pilipinas. Iba’t ibang mga instrumento ang ginamit tulad ng Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy at ang Scanning Electron Microscopy na nakakabit sa Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Mula sa mga intrumentong ito, ang kemikal at mineral na komposisyon ng ladrilyo ay iniulat. Ang mga pinaghalong luad na ginamit sa paggawa ng ladrilyo ay masaasabing hindi gaanong madami ang bilang ng kalsiyo at mababang refractory, na sinunog sa isang kapaligiran na sagana sa hangin. Ang mga pinaka-maliliit na istruktura ng ladrilyo ay masasabing nasa paunang yugto ng pagtunaw ng mga mineral sa luad, batay sa mga pagbabagong anyo ng mga ito. Sa mga resulta ng pagaaral, masasabi na ang tantyang temperatura ng pagsunog ay nasa 650°C hanggang 850°C. Binibigyan ng diin ang kahalagahan ng pagsusuri ng kimika sa pagaaral ng mga materyales na pamanang kultura sa rehiyon ng Timog-Silangang Asya ay naitala din sa pagaaral na ito.

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Construction Sequence of the Koh Ker Monuments Constrained by the Chemical Composition and Magnetic Susceptibility of Its Bricks

Abstract: Using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyzer and magnetic susceptibility meter, we measured fired bricks from nine temples (Prasat

Cited by 2 publications

References 6 publications

Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks

Estimated Construction Order of the Major Shrines of Sambor Prei Kuk Based on an Analysis of Bricks

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