Construction of Multifunctional Zinc Ion Sustained-Release Biocoating on the Surface of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetheretherketone with Enhanced Anti-inflammatory Activity, Angiogenesis, and Osteogenesis

Abstract

Current treatments of carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFRPEEK) as orthopedic implants remain unsatisfactory due to the bioinert surface. The multifunctionalization of CFRPEEK, which endows it with regulating the immune inflammatory response, promoting angiogenesis, and accelerating osseointegration, is critical to the intricate bone healing process. Herein, a multifunctional zinc ion sustained-release biocoating, consisting of a carboxylated graphene oxide, zinc ion, and chitosan layer, covalently grafts on the surface of amino CFRPEEK (CP/GC@Zn/CS) to coordinate with the osseointegration process. The release behavior of zinc ions theoretically conforms to the different demands in the three stages of osseointegration, including the burst release of zinc ions in the early stage (7.27 μM, immunomodulation), continuous release in the middle stage (11.02 μM, angiogenesis), and slow release in the late stage (13.82 μM, osseointegration). In vitro assessments indicate that the multifunctional zinc ion sustained-release biocoating can remarkably regulate the immune inflammatory response, decrease the oxidative stress level, and promote angiogenesis and osteogenic differentiation. The rabbit tibial bone defect model further confirms that, compared to the unmodified group, the bone trabecular thickness of the CP/GC@Zn/CS group increases 1.32-fold, and the maximum push-out force improves 2.05-fold. In this study, a multifunctional zinc ion sustained-release biocoating constructed on the surface of CFRPEEK that conforms to the requirements of different osseointegration stages can be an attractive strategy for the clinical application of inert implants.

Imidazole functionalized photo-crosslinked aliphatic polycarbonate drug-eluting coatings on zinc alloys for osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and bacteriostasis in bone regeneration

“…During the bone defect healing and bone tissue regeneration, angiogenesis and osteogenesis were tightly interrelated. And moderate zinc ion and SIM have been reported that could promote angiogenesis in bone regeneration [ 39 , 62 ]. Therefore, other than the osteogenic activity, angiogenic activity of CP@SIM coated Zn alloys were investigated by migration assay, tube formation assay and in vivo chicken embryo allantoic membrane (CAM) assay.…”

Construction of a layer-by-layer self-assembled rosemarinic acid delivery system on the surface of CFRPEEK implants for enhanced anti-inflammatory and osseointegration activities

“…After the implantation, the surrounding tissues will release damage factors and activate the host immune response, followed by the formation of fiber encapsulation around the implants. 11,14 As shown in Fig. 8A, a fibrous layer has formed around all implants.…”

“…8,9 Despite all these advantages, the bioinertness of CFRPEEK, which may lead to implantation failure, still remains to be solved. So far, some surface functionalization strategies have been proposed for bioactive CFRPEEK, such as UV grafting, [10][11][12] wet chemical methods, 13,14 and plasma immersion. 15 Through these methods, active ingredients with osteogenic potential are loaded onto the surface of CFRPEEK.…”

“…So far, some surface functionalization strategies have been proposed for bioactive CFRPEEK, such as UV grafting, 10–12 wet chemical methods, 13,14 and plasma immersion. 15 Through these methods, active ingredients with osteogenic potential are loaded onto the surface of CFRPEEK.…”

State-of-the-art polyetheretherketone three-dimensional printing and multifunctional modification for dental implants

“…CS can control the multi-stage release of Zn 2+ and match it with various steps of bone integration. A covalently grafted multifunctional sustained-release coating composed of carboxylated graphene oxide (GC), Zn 2+ , and CS on the surface of CFR-PEEK (CP/GC@Zn/CS) was achieved by Zhao et al (2023) , which completed the rapid release of Zn 2+ in the initial stage, sustained release of Zn 2+ in the middle stage, and slow release of Zn 2+ in the late stage. The coating played a role in immune regulation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis in stages.…”