Construction of antithrombogenic polyelectrolyte multilayer on thermoplastic polyurethane via layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly technique

Abstract

The improvement of hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film was developed using surface modification of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) deposition. The polysaccharide PEMs included chitosan (CS, as a positive-charged agent) and dextran sulfate (DS, as a negative-charged and an antiadhesive agent) that were successfully prepared on the aminolyzed TPU film in a layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly manner. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field-emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) data will verify the progressive buildup of the PEMs film. The obtained results showed that the contact angle and Zeta-potential reached the steady value after four bilayers of coating, hence proving that the full coverage of coating with PEM layers was achieved. It could be found that the PEMs-deposited TPU films with DS as the outmost layer could resist the platelet adhesion and human plasma fibrinogen (HPF) adsorption, thereby prolonging effectively the blood coagulation times. Besides, the results of growth inhibition index (GI) of L929 fibroblast proliferation suggested that the as-fabricated TPU films were noncytotoxic. Overall results demonstrated that such an easy, valid, shape-independent, and noncytotoxic processing should be potential for the ion of TPU substrate in the application of hemodialysis or cardiovascular devices.

Why Polyurethanes Have Been Used in the Manufacture and Design of Cardiovascular Devices: A Systematic Review

“…Four of the studies were conducted in the USA [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], three in Italy [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], two each in India [ 14 , 15 ] and Iran [ 16 , 17 ], and one each in Australia [ 18 ], Canada [ 19 ], Colombia [ 20 ], Germany [ 3 ], South Korea [ 21 ], and Taiwan [ 22 ]. The collaborative studies that were conducted are as follows: Australia–France [ 23 ], Brazil–Germany [ 2 ]; and People’s Republic of China–Canada [ 24 , 25 ].…”

“…Seventeen studies conducted in vivo tests with NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line [ 11 ], human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) [ 2 , 14 , 16 , 23 , 25 ], L-929 fibroblast [ 16 , 20 , 22 ]; 3T3 [ 18 , 20 ], H9C2 cardiomyoblasts [ 12 ], endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) [ 3 ], smooth muscle cells (SMCs) [ 15 ], A10 SMCs [ 19 ], ECs [ 15 ], human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC) [ 21 ], cardiomyocytes [ 13 ], or hBMSCs [ 17 ]. Two studies performed both in vivo and in vitro tests [ 7 , 9 ].…”

“…Two studies conducted neither in vivo nor in vitro tests [ 8 , 10 ]. The studies included in the analysis recommend the use of PUs in cardiovascular devices [ 22 , 24 ], hemodialysis [ 22 ], biomedical applications [ 18 , 20 ], blood-contacting devices [ 3 , 14 ], cardiovascular stents [ 8 , 15 , 17 , 23 ], heart valves [ 7 , 9 ], heart patches [ 12 ], tissue engineering [ 19 , 25 ], and vascular prostheses [ 21 ].…”

“…Six studies presented variations of the chemical compositions of PUs [ 11 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 , 24 ]. Five studies presented modifications to the material surface [ 7 , 9 , 14 , 21 , 23 ] and ten studies described different techniques to prepare PUs [ 2 , 3 , 8 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 19 , 22 , 25 ].…”

Construction of anticoagulant poly (lactic acid) films via surface covalent graft of heparin-carrying microcapsules

“…The PT, APTT and TT tests were widely used for the clinical detection of the abnormality of blood plasma and for the primary screening of the anticoagulative chemicals [25,29,30]. They were recently applied in the evaluation of the in vitro antithrombogenicity of biomaterials [31,32].…”