Construction of an extended library of adult male 3D models: rationale and results

Broggio, David; Beurrier, J.; Bremaud, M.; Desbrée, Aurélie; Farah, Jad; Huet, C.; Franck, Didier

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/23/020

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…The techniques used to create our phantoms are similar to those used previously to create new models by transforming existing templates. [12][13][14][15][16] By using segmented patient imaging data to guide our transforms, though, we capture more of the interior variability in the organ shapes and positions from patient to patient. Our models are also very highly detailed and 4D making them applicable to high-resolution 3D and 4D imaging studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to more closely mimic a clinical study or trial and to better estimate patient-specific dose, a large population of phantoms is needed to reflect the range of anatomical variations representative of the public at large. To overcome this barrier, many researchers have sought to produce anatomically variable populations of phantoms by altering their preexisting hybrid models, [12][13][14][15][16] making use of their great flexibility. To create new individuals, the template hybrid models are deformed to match statistical anthropometric measurements for given individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Population of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization

et al. 2013

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Purpose:The authors previously developed the 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantom for multimodality imaging research. The XCAT consisted of highly detailed whole-body models for the standard male and female adult, including the cardiac and respiratory motions. In this work, the authors extend the XCAT beyond these reference anatomies by developing a series of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research, the first library of 4D computational phantoms. Methods: The initial anatomy of each phantom was based on chest-abdomen-pelvis computed tomography data from normal patients obtained from the Duke University database. The major organs and structures for each phantom were segmented from the corresponding data and defined using nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. To complete the body, the authors manually added on the head, arms, and legs using the original XCAT adult male and female anatomies. The structures were scaled to best match the age and anatomy of the patient. A multichannel large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping algorithm was then used to calculate the transform from the template XCAT phantom (male or female) to the target patient model. The transform was applied to the template XCAT to fill in any unsegmented structures within the target phantom and to implement the 4D cardiac and respiratory models in the new anatomy. Each new phantom was refined by checking for anatomical accuracy via inspection of the models. Results: Using these methods, the authors created a series of computerized phantoms with thousands of anatomical structures and modeling cardiac and respiratory motions. The database consists of 58 (35 male and 23 female) anatomically variable phantoms in total. Like the original XCAT, these phantoms can be combined with existing simulation packages to simulate realistic imaging data. Each new phantom contains parameterized models for the anatomy and the cardiac and respiratory motions and can, therefore, serve as a jumping point from which to create an unlimited number of 3D and 4D variations for imaging research. Conclusions: A population of phantoms that includes a range of anatomical variations representative of the public at large is needed to more closely mimic a clinical study or trial. The series of anatomically variable phantoms developed in this work provide a valuable resource for investigating 3D and 4D imaging devices and the effects of anatomy and motion in imaging. Combined with Monte Carlo simulation programs, the phantoms also provide a valuable tool to investigate patient-specific dose and image quality, and optimization for adults undergoing imaging procedures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization

et al. 2013

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“…A separate project at the IRSN produced a library of 25 whole-body male phantoms in 2011 [130]. The phantoms were produced from data in the CAESAR database, a compilation of male and female 3D models constructed from full-body optical imaging.…”

Section: Brep Phantoms From 2000s To Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Phantoms for Organ Dose Calculations in Radiation Protection and Imaging

2013

The Phantoms of Medical and Health Physics

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Dosimetry for ionizing radiation has to do with the determination of amount and distribution pattern of the energy deposited in a part or parts of the human body from internal or external radiation sources. To protect against occupational exposures, dose limits for radiosensitive organs are recommended by international organizations and are adopted as national regulations. In both diagnostic radiology and nuclear medicine, X-ray photons and gamma rays traverse through body tissues to form images of the anatomy, depositing radiation energy in organs along the pathway via secondary electrons. Accurate radiation dosimetry is essential but also quite challenging for three reasons: (1) there are many diverse exposure scenarios resulting in unique spatial and temporal relationships between the source and human body; (2) an exposure can involve multiple radiation types, each of which is governed by different radiation physics principles, such as photons (X-ray photons, gamma rays, and positrons), electrons, alpha particles, neutrons, and protons; (3) the human body consists of a large number of anatomical structures of diverse shape, composition and density, leading to complex radiation interaction patterns. Since it is inconvenient to place a dosimeter inside the human body, organ dose estimates have been obtained mostly using a physical phantom or a computational phantom that mimics the interior and exterior anatomical features of the human body.Historically, the term phantom was used in most radiological science literature to mean a physical model of the human body. In the radiation protection community, however, the term has also been used to refer to a mathematically defined anatomical model that is distinctly different from a physiologically based model such as that related to respiration or blood flow. In this chapter, the phrases, ''computational phantom'' and ''physical phantom,'' are used to avoid confusion.

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“…However, due to the time-consuming process of development, the number of existing hybrid phantoms is limited, most modeling adults with few pediatric anatomies. Libraries of new hybrid models have been created by altering existing models by scaling surfaces and organ volumes; 13,[25][26][27][28][29] however, this method does not capture the variations in organ shape and location seen across a population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A set of 4D pediatric XCAT reference phantoms for multimodality research

et al. 2014

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Purpose:The authors previously developed an adult population of 4D extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) phantoms for multimodality imaging research. In this work, the authors develop a reference set of 4D pediatric XCAT phantoms consisting of male and female anatomies at ages of newborn, 1, 5, 10, and 15 years. These models will serve as the foundation from which the authors will create a vast population of pediatric phantoms for optimizing pediatric CT imaging protocols. Methods: Each phantom was based on a unique set of CT data from a normal patient obtained from the Duke University database. The datasets were selected to best match the reference values for height and weight for the different ages and genders according to ICRP Publication 89. The major organs and structures were segmented from the CT data and used to create an initial pediatric model defined using nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. The CT data covered the entire torso and part of the head. To complete the body, the authors manually added on the top of the head and the arms and legs using scaled versions of the XCAT adult models or additional models created from cadaver data. A multichannel large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping algorithm was then used to calculate the transform from a template XCAT phantom (male or female 50th percentile adult) to the target pediatric model. The transform was applied to the template XCAT to fill in any unsegmented structures within the target phantom and to implement the 4D cardiac and respiratory models in the new anatomy. The masses of the organs in each phantom were matched to the reference values given in ICRP Publication 89. The new reference models were checked for anatomical accuracy via visual inspection. Results: The authors created a set of ten pediatric reference phantoms that have the same level of detail and functionality as the original XCAT phantom adults. Each consists of thousands of anatomical structures and includes parameterized models for the cardiac and respiratory motions. Based on patient data, the phantoms capture the anatomic variations of childhood, such as the development of bone in the skull, pelvis, and long bones, and the growth of the vertebrae and organs. The phantoms can be combined with existing simulation packages to generate realistic pediatric imaging data from different modalities. Conclusions: The development of patient-derived pediatric computational phantoms is useful in providing variable anatomies for simulation. Future work will expand this ten-phantom base to a host of pediatric phantoms representative of the public at large. This can provide a means to evaluate and improve pediatric imaging devices and to optimize CT protocols in terms of image quality and radiation dose.

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Construction of an extended library of adult male 3D models: rationale and results

Cited by 38 publications

References 65 publications

Population of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization

Population of anatomically variable 4D XCAT adult phantoms for imaging research and optimization

Computational Phantoms for Organ Dose Calculations in Radiation Protection and Imaging

A set of 4D pediatric XCAT reference phantoms for multimodality research

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