Construction of AgrC Proteoliposomes by Detergent-Mediated Method

Abstract

To respond appropriately to different environmental changes, bacteria have evolved two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTs), which are absent in mammals (including human beings). A typical TCST consisted of a sensor kinase (histidine kinase, HK) and a response regulator (RR). HK is capable of autophosphorylation in response to an environmental signal, while RR interacts with the phosphorylated HK. Membrane protein AgrC is a sensor kinase of a TCST from Staphylococcus aureus. Illumination of signal transduction mechanism is of great significance to solve the problem of bacterial resistance. At present, the main bottleneck of membrane protein is the difficulties in obtaining large quantities of sufficiently pure and functional protein. The target protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, solubilized from cell membranes and purified in detergent micelles. This series of steps tend to lead to destabilizations of membrane protein and loss of function. In this study, AgrC was incorporated into liposomes by a detergent-mediated method. For standard incorporation, protein solution was added to detergent-lipid suspension containing lipid at 2.5 mmol/L at a lipid-to-protein ratio of 300 (mol/mol). For slow detergent removal, successive additions of small amounts of beads at Bio-bead-to-detergent ratios of 2 (w/w) will allow the removal of the detergent, resulting in formation of proteoliposome. The structure, morphology and average diameter of liposomes and proteoliposomes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation was employed to separate proteoliposomes. The result showed efficiency of protein incorporation and liposomes recovery reached 80% and 90%, respectively. Thiol reagent labeling test showed the cytoplasmic domain of AgrC was almost exclusively oriented towards the inside of the liposome vesicles. In vitro phosphorylation experiments showed that kinase activity of AgrC in proteoliposomes was significantly higher than in detergent micelles. Proteoliposomes could be stored for two weeks with little loss of function. Preparation of proteoliposome not only solves the instability problem of membrane proteins, but also provides a new approach of the study of membrane protein structure, function and signal transduction mechanism in vitro.

Recognition and binding of voltage-dependent anion channel-1 with ATP and NADH by spectroscopic analysis and molecular docking

“…From the size change of liposome and proteoliposome, it can be concluded that VDAC-1 had been inserted into the liposomes. Moreover, the size of VDAC-1 proteoliposome showed high agreement with the Agrc proteoliposome (MW: 47 kDa; size: 301 nm) constructed by Wang et al, 28 indicating a successful construction of VDAC-1 proteoliposome in this study.…”

Proteoliposome‐based model for screening inhibitors targeting histidine kinase AgrC

“…As a platform for studying membrane proteins, liposomes provided an approximate hydrophobic environment that can maintain the functional activity of membrane proteins to the maximum extent (Rigaud & Lévy, 2003). Currently, there are methods to incorporate proteins into liposomes (Pool & Bolhuis, 2010;Wang, Quan, Xu, et al, 2014). The detergent-mediated method had more advantages than other methods.…”

“…In a previous study, an artificial cell membrane system with truncated AgrC (AgrC TM5‐6C ) was successfully constructed. This protein has two transmembrane segments, an extracellular loop, and a cytoplasmic domain and retains kinase activity after reconstruction (Wang, Quan, Liu, et al., ; Wang, Quan, Xu, et al., ). Furthermore, we established an efficient and rapid method for quantitative determination of the orientation of AgrC TM5‐6C in the artificial cell membrane system (Xiong et al., ).…”