Construction of a Dual Ionic Network in Natural Rubber with High Self-Healing Efficiency through Anionic Mechanism

Abstract

Even though considerable efforts have been applied toward self-healing materials, construction of a reversible network in a nonpolar elastomer with a high strength and self-healing behavior is still a considerable challenge. Herein, a novel method to construct a dual ionic network for natural rubber (NR)-based carboxylate ionomers with a high self-healing efficiency through an anionic mechanism is demonstrated. Maleic anhydride (MAH) was grafted with NR by an anionic mechanism to construct the first ionic network, with n-butyllithium as the metallization reagent. Subsequently, zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) reacted with the MAH-modified NR, and the second ionic network was constructed. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that the grafting of MAH improved the dispersity of ZDMA in NR, resulting in a stronger reinforcing effect. Compared to the reported ZDMA-based self-healing elastomers, the dual ionic network exhibited a better reinforcing effect with a high self-healing efficiency of 75% in full-cut mode. This concept offers a novel inspiration to design high-performance self-healing elastomers.

Bio‐based Eucommia ulmoides gum/low density polyethylene shape memory composites reinforced by zinc methacrylate

“…21,22 Besides, based on our experience, incorporation of zinc methacrylate (ZDMA) fillers would help promote the mechanical performance of EUG SMMs; they have been widely used in polymer-based SMMs and selfhealing materials to improve their shape memory 12,20,23,24 and self-healing properties. 25,26 Another advantage of ionic ZDMA lies in the fact that not only covalent crosslinks but also reversible ionic-based crosslinks can be formed in ZDMA reinforced SMPs. The formation of covalent crosslinks is facilitated by the unsaturated ZDMA molecules, which can be easily attacked by free radicals originating from the thermal decomposition of peroxide crosslinking agent.…”

“…The formation of covalent crosslinks is facilitated by the unsaturated ZDMA molecules, which can be easily attacked by free radicals originating from the thermal decomposition of peroxide crosslinking agent. 25 Towards the goal of expanding the application of EUG, shape memory composites were prepared on the basis of EUG bio-polymers. On the one hand, EUG was blended with LDPE to improve its deformation temperature; and on the other hand, ZDMA was incorporated further to strengthen the mechanical performance of EUG composites with shape memory properties.…”

Enhanced Mechanical Properties by Ionomeric Complexation in Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels of Hydrolyzed Poly (N-vinyl Formamide) and Polyacrylamide

“…Toward this end, it was desirable to create a hydrogel that achieved high toughness using self-healing ionic bonds [38]. While hydrogels with two oppositely charged groups have been synthesized previously [5,11,15,32,35,38], here, the creation of such a hydrogel starting from two thermodynamically compatible neutral networks has been demonstrated. In general, polyelectrolyte mixtures undergo a degree of microphase separation [21,22].…”

“…The use of polymers with a high concentration of ionizable groups capable of forming ionic bonds, has been a topic of great interest in a large number of material science applications. These non-permanent links between the polymer chains are utilized as a means of energy dissipation to create high toughness gels [ 5 , 7 , 15 , 16 ]. For these materials, once a load that has disrupted the ionic bonds is removed, the ionic bonds can re-form, leading to a degree of self-healing in the hydrogel [ 17 ].…”

A conductive rubber with self‐healing ability enabled by metal‐ligand coordination

“…More recently, there has been a growing focus on self-healing materials based on commercial rubber (eg, natural rubber, [16][17][18] styrene-butadiene rubber, 19 and styrene-butadiene 20,21 epoxidized natural rubber 22 ). According to Das, 23 2,6-diaminopyridine and metal salts were introduced into carboxylated nitrile-butadiene rubber (XNBR).…”