Construction of a Cost-Effective Phased Array Through High-Efficiency Transmissive Programable Metasurface

Abstract

Programmable metasurfaces have shown great potential in the areas of low-complexity phase array systems in comparison with the conventional phased array antennas. In this document, a 1-bit transmissive programable metasurface with high efficiency is proposed for the cost-effective beam-steering phased array. The designed transmissive metasurface is made up of reconfigurable cells with perfect 1-bit phase tuning and less transmission losses. Through dynamically programming the 1-bit code distributions of the metasurface, real-time scanning pencil beams in desired directions can be created.

A 1-bit reconfigurable intelligent metasurface-based antenna design for 5G application

“…There is a certain difference between the measurement backward radiation results and the simulation results. Table 1 shows the performance comparison of this proposed design with the relevant antennas [32][33][34][35]. It indicates that this proposed RIS-based antenna has a high peak gain, a small size for the miniaturization requirements, and a large beam scanning area.…”

2–Bit Programmable Metasurface for Low Radar Cross Section Antenna and Beam Steering Applications

“…The planner array theory can demonstrate the RCS reduction principle in Equations and . So that, θ and φ shows the angles of elevation, and azimuth for the arbitrary direction of scattering, respectively, and φ ( m , n ) shows the initial phase of the lattice (Cao et al., 2020; Ee & Agarwal, 2019; Li, Eisenbeis, et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021; Wan et al., 2016, 2021). $$$\text{AF}(\theta ,\varphi )=\sum\limits _{m=1}^{M}\sum\limits _{n=1}^{N}{e}^{[j(m-1)(kd\,\sin \,\theta \,\cos \,\varphi )+j(n-1)(kd\,\sin \,\theta \,\sin \,\varphi )+j\phi (m,n)]}$$$ $$$10\log \left(\vert {E}_{\text{total}-\text{reflected}}{\vert }^{2}/\vert {E}_{\text{PEC}}{\vert }^{2}\right)\le -10\text{dB}$$$ …”

“…The capabilities and variety of metasurfaces applications can be broadened by making each unit cell adjustable, creating a reconfigurable metasurfaces. The responsiveness of the unit cells to electromagnetic waves can be tuned in numerous ways (Alibakhshikenari et al, 2019a(Alibakhshikenari et al, , 2019cCao et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2021).…”

“…It was proposed in Wu et al (2020) to place a mechanically rotating semicircular metasurface directly on top of a circular patch antenna to steer the antenna beam continuously. The digital metasurface might achieve real-time wave manipulation by actively tuning the coding sequences utilizing the already-existing digital-controlling technologies (Cao et al, 2020).…”

Radiation‐Type Programmable Metasurface for Direct Manipulation of Electromagnetic Emission

“…Recently, programmable metasurfaces have attracted great attentions for dynamic flexible EM modulation and low-budget electronical beamforming. [19,20] Through integrating lumped components, a clear alteration in resonant property was obtained for the metasurface unit, and the reflective programmable metasurfaces were thus constructed. [21][22][23] For instance, a 1bit reconfigurable reflective metasurface unit operating in Kuband was proposed for constructing large-aperture phased-array antennas, [24] and a 3-bit reflective programmable metasurface is constructed of reconfigurable units through integrating voltagecontrolled varactor diodes to generate multifunctional vortex beams.…”