Construction of a brain–machine hybrid system to evaluate adaptability of an insect

Minegishi, Ryo; Takashima, Akira; Kurabayashi, Daisuke; Kanzaki, Ryohei

doi:10.1016/j.robot.2011.06.012

Cited by 30 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Our results suggest that silkmoths performed the optomotor response during surge, a reflexive behaviour, which allows course compensation for unintentional turning through the use of visual feedback, and has been observed mostly in insects and fish (Borst and Bahde, 1987;Borst et al, 2010;Lönnendonker and Scharstein, 1991;Rock and Smith, 1986). The ability for locomotory compensation in the silkmoth has also been reported in earlier studies on insect-machine hybrid systems (Ando et al, 2013;Minegishi et al, 2012). However, we did not observe any modulation of behaviour during zigzagging by constant optic flow stimuli (Fig.…”

Section: Research Articlesupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Similarly, Experiment 2 was further separated into two experiments: (1) the experiment with open-loop visual stimulus and (2) the experiment with biased closed-loop visual stimulus. According to a previous study and our observations, head turning and the neck motor response to the optic flow stimulus requires several seconds to reach a maximum response (Minegishi et al, 2012). Therefore, we started presenting optic flow stimuli 5 s before the onset of the pheromone pulse to ensure that visual stimuli had already affected the behavioural response before locomotion started.…”

Section: Experiments 2: Behaviour During Zigzaggingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, from now on, we will discuss behaviour during surge and zigzagging only. Moreover, studies on the visual response of silkmoths have suggested that some descending interneurons in the ventral nerve cord show responses to moving visual stimuli (optic flow) (Olberg, 1983) and that the silkmoth uses visual information to compensate for unintentional turning (Ando et al, 2013;Minegishi et al, 2012). Although the behavioural and neurophysiological basis of the pheromone-plume tracking of the male silkmoth has been well studied (Kanzaki, 1996;Kanzaki, 2004;Wada and Kanzaki, 2005), how the silkmoth uses visual information for pheromone-plume tracking during different behavioural states (surge and zigzagging) remains unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic use of optic flow during pheromone tracking by the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori

Pansopha

Ando

Kanzaki

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Several insects require both olfactory and visual cues during odoursource localisation to successfully locate an odour source. In the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori, detection of the female sex pheromone triggers a programmed walking pattern, starting from a surge (straight-line walking) followed by zigzag walking. Although pheromone-triggered behaviour in silkmoths is well understood, the role of visual cues remains obscure. To address this question, we performed behavioural experiments on tethered-walking moths by recording their locomotion during stimulation with a pheromone and a visual motion pattern (optic flow). The experiments were conducted under open-and closed-loop visual stimuli. We found that the use of optic flow input was determined by the behavioural state of surge and zigzagging. Silkmoths exhibited an optomotor response, which is a behavioural visual response, by turning towards the same direction as optic flow stimuli only during surge, but not during zigzagging. In addition, modulation of the zigzag walking pattern was observed when the moths were presented with biased closed-loop visual stimuli (visual feedback with biased constant optic flow); however, the directional preference mechanism was different from that of the optomotor response. Based on these findings, we suggest that the optomotor response is utilised for course control during straight-line walking, whereas the absence of optomotor response during zigzagging is used to effectively perform the programmed walking pattern. Considering the neural basis of programmed behaviour, we speculate that at least two visual pathways are involved in the statedependent use of optic flow during odour tracking behaviour in silkmoths.

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Section: Research Articlesupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Experiments 2: Behaviour During Zigzaggingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic use of optic flow during pheromone tracking by the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori

Pansopha

Ando

Kanzaki

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…On the other hand, some descending neurons which are assumed to be involved in the pheromone-searching behaviour respond to optic flow stimuli [26]. Also, the neck motoneurons, which receive behavioural command signals from the descending neurons [20,22], respond to both pheromone and optic flow stimuli [27]. The reported response to the optic flow corresponds to the optomotor response, which is a visually guided compensatory movement against involuntary displacement from a straight course [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odour-tracking capability of a silkmoth driving a mobile robot with turning bias and time delay

Ando¹,

Emoto²,

Kanzaki³

2013

Bioinspir. Biomim.

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The reconstruction of mechanisms behind odour-tracking behaviours of animals is expected to enable the development of biomimetic robots capable of adaptive behaviour and effectively locating odour sources. However, because the behavioural mechanisms of animals have not been extensively studied, their behavioural capabilities cannot be verified. In this study, we have employed a mobile robot driven by a genuine insect (insect-controlled robot) to evaluate the behavioural capabilities of a biological system implemented in an artificial system. We used a male silkmoth as the 'driver' and investigated its behavioural capabilities to imposed perturbations during odour tracking. When we manipulated the robot to induce the turning bias, it located the odour source by compensatory turning of the on-board moth. Shifting of the orientation paths to the odour plume boundaries and decreased orientation ability caused by covering the visual field suggested that the moth steered with bilateral olfaction and vision to overcome the bias. An evaluation of the time delays of the moth and robot movements suggested an acceptable range for sensory-motor processing when the insect system was directly applied to artificial systems. Further evaluations of the insect-controlled robot will provide a 'blueprint' for biomimetic robots and strongly promote the field of biomimetics.

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“…It is widely accepted that many moths detect wind direction when airborne by optomotor anemotaxis (Kennedy & Marsh, ; Baker et al ., ; Cardé, ). In walking B. mori , however, the wind appears to have little effect on the direction of surge in response to a pheromone pulse, although they show a clear optomotor response (Olberg, ; Minegishi et al ., ; Takasaki et al ., ). Phthorimaea operculella males appear to be capable of detecting the wind direction, given that their surges in response to a pheromone pulse are clearly directed upwind (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aim‐then‐shoot anemotaxis involved in the hopping approach of potato tuberworm moth Phthorimaea operculella toward a sex pheromone source

2013

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Male moths locate conspecific females by pheromone-induced upwind flight maintained by detecting a visual flow, termed optomotor anemotaxis. Their behavioural pattern is characterized by an upwind surge in response to a pheromone stimulus and crosswind casting after odour loss, which is considered to be reset and restarted on receipt of another pheromone pulse. However, pheromone-stimulated males of the potato tuberworm moth Phthorimaea operculella exhibit a series of short and straight intermittent flights, or hops, when moving upwind. It is unclear whether they navigate by employing the same behavioural pattern and wind detection mechanism as that used by flying moths. To analyze odour-modulated anemotaxis in male potato tuberworm moths, a flat wind tunnel is constructed to give regular odour stimuli to an insect regardless of its location. Moths are subjected to pheromone pulses of different frequencies to test whether they show a behavioural pattern that is reset and restarted by a pheromone pulse. Moths on the ground are also subjected to crosswind shear to examine their detection of wind direction. Path analyses reveal that males surge upwind when they receive a pheromone pulse and exhibit casting by successive hops when they lose odour. This behavioural pattern appears to be similar to that of flying moths. When the direction of the airflow is switched orthogonally, males adjust their course angle accordingly when they are on the ground. It is suggested that, instead of optomotor anemotaxis, this 'aim-then-shoot' system aids the detection of wind direction, possibly by mechanosensory means.

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Construction of a brain–machine hybrid system to evaluate adaptability of an insect

Cited by 30 publications

References 15 publications

Dynamic use of optic flow during pheromone tracking by the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori

Dynamic use of optic flow during pheromone tracking by the male silkmoth, Bombyx mori

Odour-tracking capability of a silkmoth driving a mobile robot with turning bias and time delay

Aim‐then‐shoot anemotaxis involved in the hopping approach of potato tuberworm moth Phthorimaea operculella toward a sex pheromone source

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