Construction of a 4x4 Butler Microstrip Matrix with Reduced Dimensions

Letavin, Denis A.; Shabunin, Sergey

doi:10.1109/usbereit48449.2020.9117690

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The optimized designs from Section 4.1 and Section 4.2 have been compared in terms of size and performance with other planar BMs from the literature [ 16 , 21 , 23 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Whenever possible (all benchmark designs except the one reported in [ 28 ]), the performance figures have been obtained based on the EM simulation results.…”

Section: Numerical Results and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the application of left/right-handed TLs for reduction of BM footprint has also been reported [ 28 ]. Miniaturization of conventional crossovers—realized as a composition of two branch line couplers (BLCs) interconnected through a 90° TL—is one of the leading approaches to design of small BMs [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Notwithstanding, substitution of conventional BM building blocks with their miniaturized counterparts results in modest miniaturization rates [ 28 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Miniaturization of conventional crossovers—realized as a composition of two branch line couplers (BLCs) interconnected through a 90° TL—is one of the leading approaches to design of small BMs [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Notwithstanding, substitution of conventional BM building blocks with their miniaturized counterparts results in modest miniaturization rates [ 28 , 30 ]. From this perspective, replacement of standard crossovers with alternative topologies featuring either small footprints or improved phase-related functionality seems to be an interesting and preferable alternative to compact BM design [ 19 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Instead, they eliminate certain matrix subcomponents or exploit multilayer substrates for structure implementation [ 26 , 27 , 32 ]. On the other hand, miniaturization resulting from application of the mentioned techniques is often insufficient to increase usefulness of BMs for space-limited systems [ 28 , 30 ]. Furthermore, the discussed compact topologies do not address the problem of improving BM performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another problem involves lack of unified and well-established procedure—ranging from components synthesis to final tuning of the assembled circuit—dedicated to BM design. Moreover, conventional approaches to the development of BM structures are unreliable and inefficient due to a large number of figures representing matrix performance (all of which have to be accounted for at a time) [ 27 , 28 , 30 ]. Although numerical optimization seems to be appropriate for addressing the difficulties pertinent to parameter adjustments, it suffers from high cost related to a large number of CPU-heavy evaluations required by the algorithm to converge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Sensors

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Design of Butler matrices dedicated to Internet of Things and 5th generation (5G) mobile systems—where small size and high performance are of primary concern—is a challenging task that often exceeds capabilities of conventional techniques. Lack of appropriate, unified design approaches is a serious bottleneck for the development of Butler structures for contemporary applications. In this work, a low-cost bottom-up procedure for rigorous and unattended design of miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler matrices is proposed. The presented approach exploits numerical algorithms (governed by a set of suitable objective functions) to control synthesis, implementation, optimization, and fine-tuning of the structure and its individual building blocks. The framework is demonstrated using two miniaturized matrices with nonstandard output-port phase differences. Numerical results indicate that the computational cost of the design process using the presented framework is over 80% lower compared to the conventional approach. The footprints of optimized matrices are only 696 and 767 mm2, respectively. Small size and operation frequency of around 2.6 GHz make the circuits of potential use for mobile devices dedicated to work within a sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum. Both structures have been benchmarked against the state-of-the-art designs from the literature in terms of performance and size. Measurements of the fabricated Butler matrix prototype are also provided.

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Section: Numerical Results and Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Sensors

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Compact 4 × 4 butler matrix with non‐standard phase differences for IoT applications

Bekasiewicz

Koziel

2021

Electronics Letters

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Butler matrices represent a popular class of feeding networks for antenna arrays. Large dimensions and the lack of flexibility in terms of achievable output phase difference make conventional Butler structures of limited use for modern communication devices. In this work, a compact planar 4 × 4 matrix with non-standard relative phase shifts of -30, 150, -120, and 60°has been proposed. The structure is designed to operate at the centre frequency of 2.45 GHz. Small dimensions of 31.3 × 22.9 mm make it useful for Internet of Things applications. The structure operates from 2.35 to 2.55 GHz, which covers the industrial, scientific and medical bandwidth. At the centre frequency, the measured amplitude and phase imbalance are 1.65 dB and ±4.3°, respectively. The proposed circuit has been compared to the state-of-the-art structures from the literature.

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DESIGN OF A SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA SYSTEM USING A 4 × 4 BUTLER MATRIX FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

Naik,

Kunooru,

Nandigama

et al. 2024

Telecom Rad Eng

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Demand for quality service within the cellular network, which has many cells within the cluster, has certain requirements to satisfy the customer or subscriber at any cost. Hence, a reliable approach to provide quality service to the subscriber is needed, and in that attempt, a switched beam system is proposed, which is composed of a Butler matrix operating at 2 GHz for 5G wireless communication systems. The Butler matrix operates at 2 GHz, however, and has an overall bandwidth of 1.2 GHz, ranging from 1.8 GHz to 3 GHz. The beamforming operation is completed by incorporating an antenna array; typically for such applications a linear array with half lambda spacing is preferred. Here, the antenna array is made of a dielectric material, hence forming a dielectric resonator array operating at the same frequency as that of the Butler matrix. To complete the switched beam system, a radiofrequency source is chosen, typically USRP 2900 from National Instruments, to provide excitation to the Butler matrix throughout its operation. The simulation is carried out in Ansys HFSS and PCB Antenna Designer from MathWorks. This article gives the simulation as well as measured results of the Butler matrix and dielectric resonator antenna and draws a conclusion of the performance of the system based on simulated and measured results.

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Construction of a 4x4 Butler Microstrip Matrix with Reduced Dimensions

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Compact 4 × 4 butler matrix with non‐standard phase differences for IoT applications

DESIGN OF A SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA SYSTEM USING A 4 × 4 BUTLER MATRIX FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

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Construction of a 4x4 Butler Microstrip Matrix with Reduced Dimensions

Cited by 3 publications

References 13 publications

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Low-Cost Unattended Design of Miniaturized 4 × 4 Butler Matrices with Nonstandard Phase Differences

Compact 4 × 4 butler matrix with non‐standard phase differences for IoT applications

DESIGN OF A SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA SYSTEM USING A 4 &times; 4 BUTLER MATRIX FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

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DESIGN OF A SWITCHED BEAM ANTENNA SYSTEM USING A 4 × 4 BUTLER MATRIX FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS