Construction and Performance Characteristics of New Fentanyl-Selective Plastic Membrane Electrode

Abstract

The construction and performance characteristics of an ion-selective electrode for fentanyl-drug cation, based on an ionpair complex with tetrakis [3,5-bis-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate anion in a PVC matrix were studied. A linear response for 1 × 10 -5 mol dm -3 to 1 × 10 -2 mol dm -3 drug with a slope of 57.9 ± 0.5 mV/decade was established. The optimum pH range was 2 to 6. The lower detection limit was 6.29 × 10 -6 mol dm -3 fentanyl citrate (2.1165 µg cm -3 fentanyl). There were negligible interferences from a number of inorganic cations, structural analogues, and some common drug additives in injections. The electrode proposed has been successfully applied to determine fentanyl citrate in injections. The results correlated well with those obtained by the United States Pharmacopoeia standard procedure.

Electroanalysis of Fentanyl and Its New Analogs: A Review

“…Potentiometry with ion-selective membrane electrodes (ISMEs) is a relatively recently developed method used for fentanyl determination. The membrane was made of polyvinyl chloride with the addition of plasticizer dibutyl phthalate [ 74 ]. This method enables selective fentanyl determination without a preceding separation step using a simple device.…”

“…This method enables selective fentanyl determination without a preceding separation step using a simple device. After preconcentration and optimization of experimental conditions, the LODs 5.43 µmol L −1 [ 63 ] and 6.29 µmol L −1 [ 74 ] were reached. The method provided sufficient responses and repeatability of the recorded signals during at least three months of the electrode used.…”

“…The method provided sufficient responses and repeatability of the recorded signals during at least three months of the electrode used. Moreover, the whole procedure was fast and simple with sufficient accuracy for pharmaceutical [ 63 ] and medical [ 74 ] analysis. This ion-selective electrode enables to distinguish only one target ion from others, with no significant interferences observed.…”

A series of ultrasensitive electrocatalysts Fe-MOF/MWCNTs for fentanyl determination

“…The first electrochemical analysis of fentanyl was based on mercury electrodes 19 in 1994, followed by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane electrodes. 20 From 2019 to 2021, researchers found that nanocarbons, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs), are excellent electrocatalysts for fentanyl detection, including screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) modified with a polyethyleneimine-ionic liquid modifier, 21 glass carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified with carbon nanoonions, 22 GCEs modified with NiO@CNTs, 23 laser-induced nanoporous carbon structures on commercial polyimide sheets, 24 SPCEs modified with Zn( ii )-MOF, 25 and SWCNT network electrodes; 26 some scholars have even loaded ionic liquids onto carbon nanotubes to modify screen-printed electrodes and prepare a wearable glove sensor. 27 CNTs exhibit both good catalytic activity and conductivity, making them the domain of the fentanyl electrochemical detection field.…”