Construction and Modification of Nitrogen-Rich Polycyclic Frameworks: A Promising Fused Tricyclic Host–Guest Energetic Material with Heat Resistance, High Energy, and Low Sensitivity

Abstract

The construction and modification of novel energetic frameworks to achieve an ideal balance between high energy density and good stability are a continuous pursuit for researchers. In this work, a fused [5,6,5]-tricyclic framework was utilized as the energetic host to encapsulate the oxidant molecules for the first time. A series of new pyridazine-based [5,6] and [5,6,5] fused polycyclic nitrogen-rich skeletons and their derivatives were designed and synthesized. Two strategies, amino oxidation and host−guest inclusion, were used to modify the skeleton in only one step. All compounds exhibit good comprehensive properties (T d (onset) > 200 °C, ρ > 1.85 g cm −3 , D v > 8400 m s −1 , IS > 20 J, FS > 360 N). Benefiting from the pyridazine-based fused tricyclic structure with more hydrogen bonding units and larger conjugated systems, the first example of [5,6,5]-tricyclic host−guest energetic material triamino-9H-pyrazolo [3,4-d][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine-diperchloric acid (10), shows high decomposition temperature (T d (onset) = 336 °C), high density and heats of formation (ρ = 1.94 g cm −3 , ΔH f = 733.4 kJ mol −1 ), high detonation performance (D v = 8820 m s −1 , P = 36.2 GPa), high specific impulse (I sp = 269 s), and low sensitivity (IS = 30 J, FS > 360 N). The comprehensive performance of 10 is superior to that of high-energy explosive RDX and heat-resistant explosives such as HNS and LLM-105. 10 has the potential to become a comprehensive advanced energetic material that simultaneously satisfies the requirements of high-energy and low-sensitivity explosives, heat-resistant explosives, and solid propellants. This work may give new insights into the construction and modification of a nitrogen-rich polycyclic framework and broaden the applications of fused polycyclic framework for the development of host−guest energetic materials.