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Picornaviridae are non-enveloped ssRNA viruses that cause diseases such as poliomyelitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), hepatitis A, encephalitis, myocarditis, and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines mainly comprise particles formed through the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins (for enveloped viruses, envelope proteins are also an option). They do not contain the viral genome. On the other hand, the nanoparticles vaccine (NPs) is mainly composed of self-assembling biological proteins or nanomaterials, with viral antigens displayed on the surface. The presentation of viral antigens on these particles in a repetitive array can elicit a strong immune response in animals. VLPs and NPs can be powerful platforms for multivalent antigen presentation. This review summarises the development of virus-like particle vaccines (VLPs) and nanoparticle vaccines (NPs) against picornaviruses. By detailing the progress made in the fight against various picornaviruses such as poliovirus (PV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), enterovirus (EV), Senecavirus A (SVA), and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), we in turn highlight the significant strides made in vaccine technology. These advancements include diverse construction methods, expression systems, elicited immune responses, and the use of various adjuvants. We see promising prospects for the continued development and optimisation of VLPs and NPs vaccines. Future research should focus on enhancing these vaccines' immunogenicity, stability, and delivery methods. Moreover, expanding our understanding of the interplay between these vaccines and the immune system will be crucial. We hope these insights will inspire and guide fellow researchers in the ongoing quest to combat picornavirus infections more effectively.
Picornaviridae are non-enveloped ssRNA viruses that cause diseases such as poliomyelitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), hepatitis A, encephalitis, myocarditis, and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines mainly comprise particles formed through the self-assembly of viral capsid proteins (for enveloped viruses, envelope proteins are also an option). They do not contain the viral genome. On the other hand, the nanoparticles vaccine (NPs) is mainly composed of self-assembling biological proteins or nanomaterials, with viral antigens displayed on the surface. The presentation of viral antigens on these particles in a repetitive array can elicit a strong immune response in animals. VLPs and NPs can be powerful platforms for multivalent antigen presentation. This review summarises the development of virus-like particle vaccines (VLPs) and nanoparticle vaccines (NPs) against picornaviruses. By detailing the progress made in the fight against various picornaviruses such as poliovirus (PV), foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), enterovirus (EV), Senecavirus A (SVA), and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), we in turn highlight the significant strides made in vaccine technology. These advancements include diverse construction methods, expression systems, elicited immune responses, and the use of various adjuvants. We see promising prospects for the continued development and optimisation of VLPs and NPs vaccines. Future research should focus on enhancing these vaccines' immunogenicity, stability, and delivery methods. Moreover, expanding our understanding of the interplay between these vaccines and the immune system will be crucial. We hope these insights will inspire and guide fellow researchers in the ongoing quest to combat picornavirus infections more effectively.
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that is endemic in swine, causing a vesicular disease clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases, like foot-and-mouth disease. The widespread viral circulation, constant evolution, and economic losses caused to the swine industry emphasize the need for measures to control the agent. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of a whole-virus-inactivated vaccine using a representative contemporary Brazilian SVA strain in Balb/ByJ mice. The animals were vaccinated with two doses by an intramuscular route. The humoral response induced by the vaccination was evaluated by an in-house ELISA assay for IgG detection. The cellular response was assessed by flow cytometry after in vitro SVA stimulation in splenocyte cultures from vaccinated and non-vaccinated groups. Protection against SVA was assessed in the experimental groups following an oral challenge with the homologous virus. The vaccination induced high levels of IgG antibodies and the proliferation of CD45R/B220+sIgM+, CD3e+CD69+, and CD3e+CD4+CD44+CD62L− cells. These results indicate the immunogenicity and safety of the vaccine formulation in a murine model and the induction of humoral and cellular response against SVA.
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