“…It has been argued that the growing allure of commercialized spectacle and public entertainment in the domain of cinema, popular music, and sports weakened the attraction of public pageantry (Rudin, 2003). However, nationalizing-states-especially such totalitarian states as fascist Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Germany, and the Soviet USSR -continued to use existing or newly planned "space-containers" as sites for public ceremonies, public entertainment, and public participation in choreographed performances: labour demonstrations; military displays; staged spectacles (Ades, Benton, Elliott, & Whyte, 1995;Osborne, 1998a;Taylor, 1974). Even modern liberal-democratic states continue to make use of orchestrated displays of coronations, weddings, funerals, sports events, and celebratory performances to attract nationwide participation (Dabrowski, 2004;Hobsbawm, 1995;Nelles, 1999;Osborne, 1998b;Osborne & Osborne, 2004;Peer, 1998;Spillman, 1997).…”