“…To investigate the potential application of O 15 -R-CC/NH 4 Cl in real devices, aqueous primary ZABs were assembled using a Zn foil as the anode and a CC as the cathode (Figure 5A S3 lists the ORR activities of activated CCs and some previous reports. OCV of O 15 -R-CC/NH 4 Cl is higher than those of the ZAB assembled with pristine CC (ZAB/(pristine CC)) and the ZAB assembled with O 15 -CC/NH 4 Cl (ZAB/(O 15 -CC/ NH 4 Cl)), also comparable to the results in some previously published articles such as Co-N-OCC (1.48 V), 42 N,S-CC (1.36 V), 28 CoNi@NCNT/NF (1.40 V), 43 Pd-coated (CoFe composite/NCNTs) (1.47 V), 30 N-HCNs (1.49 V), 44 NCNFs (1.48 V), 1 N, S-ASFC-800 (1.39 V), 45 and so on.…”
Section: Assembly Of Aqueous and Flexible Zabssupporting
Flexible and all-solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are highly useful and also in demand due to their theoretical high energy densities and special applications. The limitation in their performance arises due to their catalyst-coated cathode electrodes in terms of catalytic activity and stability as well as cost. In this paper, a novel and environmentally friendly activation strategy is developed to activate the carbon cloth (CC) for the electrodes. The activated CC serves as a catalyst-free air cathode with high conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and flexibility, in addition to low cost. The strategy is performed by simply electro-oxidizing and electroreducing CC under ultrahigh direct current (DC) voltage in a diluted NH 4 Cl aqueous electrolyte. It is found that the electro-oxidation not only results in the formation of a graphene-like exfoliated carbon layer on the surface of CC but also induces the incorporation of oxygen-containing groups and doping of nitrogen and chloride atoms. After the electroreduction, the π-conjugated carbon network of CC is partially restored, leading to the recovery of electroconductivity. Such an electroactivated CC shows excellent oxygen reduction reaction activity. The aqueous flexibility and all-solid-state ZABs are assembled using such an electroactivated CC cathode without any catalyst loading. Both ZABs can achieve good durability and deliver high peak power density and an energy density as high as 690 Wh kg −1 , demonstrating the excellent potential of this electroactivated CC in practical devices.
K E Y W O R D Scarbon cloth, catalyst-free, electroactivation, nitrogen and chlorine co-doping, oxygencontaining groups, ultrahigh and ultralow direct current voltage
“…To investigate the potential application of O 15 -R-CC/NH 4 Cl in real devices, aqueous primary ZABs were assembled using a Zn foil as the anode and a CC as the cathode (Figure 5A S3 lists the ORR activities of activated CCs and some previous reports. OCV of O 15 -R-CC/NH 4 Cl is higher than those of the ZAB assembled with pristine CC (ZAB/(pristine CC)) and the ZAB assembled with O 15 -CC/NH 4 Cl (ZAB/(O 15 -CC/ NH 4 Cl)), also comparable to the results in some previously published articles such as Co-N-OCC (1.48 V), 42 N,S-CC (1.36 V), 28 CoNi@NCNT/NF (1.40 V), 43 Pd-coated (CoFe composite/NCNTs) (1.47 V), 30 N-HCNs (1.49 V), 44 NCNFs (1.48 V), 1 N, S-ASFC-800 (1.39 V), 45 and so on.…”
Section: Assembly Of Aqueous and Flexible Zabssupporting
Flexible and all-solid-state zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are highly useful and also in demand due to their theoretical high energy densities and special applications. The limitation in their performance arises due to their catalyst-coated cathode electrodes in terms of catalytic activity and stability as well as cost. In this paper, a novel and environmentally friendly activation strategy is developed to activate the carbon cloth (CC) for the electrodes. The activated CC serves as a catalyst-free air cathode with high conductivity, excellent mechanical strength, and flexibility, in addition to low cost. The strategy is performed by simply electro-oxidizing and electroreducing CC under ultrahigh direct current (DC) voltage in a diluted NH 4 Cl aqueous electrolyte. It is found that the electro-oxidation not only results in the formation of a graphene-like exfoliated carbon layer on the surface of CC but also induces the incorporation of oxygen-containing groups and doping of nitrogen and chloride atoms. After the electroreduction, the π-conjugated carbon network of CC is partially restored, leading to the recovery of electroconductivity. Such an electroactivated CC shows excellent oxygen reduction reaction activity. The aqueous flexibility and all-solid-state ZABs are assembled using such an electroactivated CC cathode without any catalyst loading. Both ZABs can achieve good durability and deliver high peak power density and an energy density as high as 690 Wh kg −1 , demonstrating the excellent potential of this electroactivated CC in practical devices.
K E Y W O R D Scarbon cloth, catalyst-free, electroactivation, nitrogen and chlorine co-doping, oxygencontaining groups, ultrahigh and ultralow direct current voltage
“…In fact, there are numerous publications and even reviews on metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon-based catalysts for ORR, which can also prove the effectiveness of active nitrogen species in MÀN/C catalysts [74][75][76][77][78]. In these works, pyridinic nitrogen species, pyridinic-type nitrogen species, pyrrolic nitrogen species and graphitic nitrogen species are considered as effective active sites [79][80][81][82][83].…”
“…Thus, it is necessary to optimize the treatment applied to carbon materials. An example of this is N-doped porous carbon materials, which exhibit exceptional bifunctional electrocatalytic performances in the ORR and OER [ 17 , 18 ]. Among the variety of methods used to modify carbon materials, doping with single atoms, such as N, P and S, can significantly improve the catalyst activity.…”
The increasing popularity of wearable electronic devices has led to the rapid development of flexible energy conversion systems. Flexible rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) with high theoretical energy densities demonstrate significant potential as next-generation flexible energy devices that can be applied in wearable electronic products. The design of highly efficient and air-stable cathodes that can electrochemically catalyze both the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable but challenging. Flexible carbon-based catalysts for ORR/OER catalysis can be broadly categorized into two types: (i) self-supporting catalysts based on the in situ modification of flexible substrates; (ii) non-self-supporting catalysts based on surface coatings of flexible substrates. Methods used to optimize the catalytic performance include doping with atoms and regulation of the electronic structure and coordination environment. This review summarizes the most recently proposed strategies for the synthesis of designer carbon-based electrocatalysts and the optimization of their electrocatalytic performances in air electrodes. And we significantly focus on the analysis of the inherent active sites and their electrocatalytic mechanisms when applied as flexible ZABs catalysts. The findings of this review can assist in the design of more valuable carbon-based air electrodes and their corresponding flexible ZABs for application in wearable electronic devices.
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