Constructing and Validating Motive Bridging Inferences

Singer, Murray; Halldorson, Michael

doi:10.1006/cogp.1996.0001

Cited by 106 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…For integration to occur easily in the inference condition, the reader would need to make a situationally-based forward inference during the reading of the first sentence in order to establish an antecedent. Alternatively, in the absence of the predictive inferencing, integration would occur by a bridging inference from the second sentence back to the first (Singer & Halldorson, 1996). In a baseline condition, the critical word in the second sentence had no explicit nor implicit antecedent in the first sentence, and thus could not be easily integrated with it.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Less skilled comprehenders’ ERPs show sluggish word-to-text integration processes

Yang¹,

Perfetti

Schmalhofer

2005

WL&L

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We examined the word-to-text integration processes of less skilled comprehenders using ERPs recorded during text reading. The first sentence of each text controlled the accessibility of an antecedent referent for a critical word, which was the first content word of the second sentence. In the explicit condition, the critical word had occurred in the first sentence; in the paraphrase condition, a word or phrase similar in meaning had occurred in the first sentence; in the inference condition, a referent could have been established during the first sentence only if the reader made a forward inference; a baseline condition provided no obvious antecedent for the critical word. PCA, topographic results, and mean amplitude analyses converged on a picture of integration difficulty. Integration effects emerged in the expected mid-latency ranges for the explicit and inference conditions. The pattern of effects differed from that of skilled comprehenders, who, in another study, showed earlier integration effects for explicit and paraphrase conditions, but not reliably for the inference condition. Paraphrase effects were especially weak and late occurring for less skilled comprehenders. Compared with skilled comprehenders, less skilled comprehenders show slow word-to-text integration processes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Less skilled comprehenders’ ERPs show sluggish word-to-text integration processes

Yang¹,

Perfetti

Schmalhofer

2005

WL&L

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“…Tapiero and Denhière (1995) interpreted activation of a text proposition as its probability of free recall. For propositions denoting a fact from world knowledge, Singer (1996) and Singer and Halldorson (1996) took the activation to predict the time needed to verify whether the fact is true.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The integer values 0 to 5 are used in three different studies (Kintsch, Welsch, Schmalhofer, & Zimny, 1990;Radvansky, Zwaan, Curiel, & Copeland, 2001;Schmalhofer, McDaniel, & Keefe, 2002), but Schmalhofer et al used a different assignment of these weights to the connections. In Otero and Kintsch (1992), connections had a weight of 1, 0, 1, 2, or 10, but Singer (1996) used 1, 0, and 1, whereas Singer and Halldorson (1996) …”

Section: The CI Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

World Knowledge in Computational Models of Discourse Comprehension

Frank

Koppen

Noordman

et al. 2008

Discourse Processes

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“…Therefore, it can be generally applied to different research questions. It can be used for simulating inference processes according to the specifications derived from different models, such as the validation model (Singer & Halldorson, 1996) or a causal analysis model. The EKI system may indeed function as a general research tool for experimentalists and theorists, and it can provide a common ground for comparing different positions on inferencing in a more precise manner.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors would also like to thank Sarah Ransdell and an anonymous reviewer whose comments lead to many improvements in the readability of the paper. Correspondence should be addressed to F. Schmalhofer, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Universitat Kaiserslautern, Postfach 2080, 0-67608 Kaiserslautern, Germany (e-mail: schmalho@dfki.uni-kl.de). sharpened our knowledge about human text comprehension processes (Britton & Giilgoz, 1991;Goldman & Varma, 1995;Schmalhofer & McDaniel, 1996;Singer & Halldorson, 1996).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computer tool for constructing and integrating inferences into text representations

Schmalhofer

Franken

Schwerdtner

1997

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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Wepresent a new computer tool for modeling inference generation processes in text comprehension, Withthis tool, an explicit inference statement is constructed by marker passing in ajoint text and knowledge base and a subsequent compilation process, In addition, the tool can be applied to describe knowledge integration processes, which can produce spatial, causal, and other types of representations. Because the system provides explicit accounts for reproductive and creative inferencing, it exceeds the functionality of previous simulations in text research. Text researchers can employthis system as a common ground for comparing their different positions on inferencing in a more precise manner.Within the last decade, inference generation has become one of the most central research topics in the area on text comprehension (Graesser, Singer, & Trabasso, 1994;McKoon & Ratcliff, 1992). Previous research on text comprehension has been greatly advanced by the development and application ofcomputer simulation tools that have enabled researchers to more precisely specify the assumed cognitive representations and to subsequently simulate the postulated cognitive processes on a computer. For example, Turner (1987) has developed a computer tool, the propositional analysis system, which allows researchers to apply Kintsch's (1974) theory of language comprehension in a precise and more efficient manner. With this system, written information can be interactively transformed into a set ofpropositions that embody its meaning. Kieras (1991) has similarly developed a widget that parses simple texts into its propositions. Miller and Kintsch (1980) and Mross and Roberts (1990) have written computer programs that simulate how coherent text and situation representations are formed from propositions and other knowledge units. Such computer tools have been widely applied and have significantly

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Constructing and Validating Motive Bridging Inferences

Cited by 106 publications

References 0 publications

Less skilled comprehenders’ ERPs show sluggish word-to-text integration processes

Less skilled comprehenders’ ERPs show sluggish word-to-text integration processes

World Knowledge in Computational Models of Discourse Comprehension

A Computer tool for constructing and integrating inferences into text representations

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