Constructing aggregate environmental-economic indicators: a comparison of 12 OECD countries

Meaningful environmental indices: a social choice approach

“…These normalized variables are then aggregated using the weighted arithmetic mean, where the weights are derived from opinion polls. Similar normalizations are applied, for instance, by den Butter and van der Eyden [5] and van den Bergh and van Veen-Groot [20]. The Environmental Sustainability Index [6] employs standardization as a normalization device.…”

Methodology to identify demand-side low-carbon innovations and their potential impact on socio-technical energy systems

“…Policies that support niche innovation scale-up play an important role in influencing socio-technical regime change through the diffusion of disruptive demand-side low-carbon innovations. Transition management literature argues that policy instruments have significant impacts on the diffusion of disruptive innovations because they have the ability to embed new practices into the existing socio-technical regime and put pressure on the incumbent regime [56 , 89 , 108] .…”

“…Economic policies and regulatory policies are primarily control policies, and are intended to challenge existing social practices [89] . Control policies can contribute to both creating and developing niche innovations, as well as destabilizing the existing regime, because control policies can help to create an extended level playing field for niche innovations through internalizing the environmental and social costs of carbon emissions, so that they can compete with incumbent innovations in the market [108] . Control policies include policies that use economic instruments to put pressure on the regime incumbents, such as pollution taxes, carbon trading, or road pricing.…”

Economic growth and environment in the United Kingdom: robust evidence using more than 250 years data

“…Even though a wide strand of the literature has examined the existence of the EKC, the link between pollution and economic growth remains ambiguous at the empirical level. 4 For instance, Van Den Bergh and Van Veen-Groot (2001) construct aggregate indicators of the environment (actual environmental pressure, environmental quality and environmental policy) and economic activity 1 The World Bank's World Development Report argues that "the view that greater economic activity inevitably hurts the environment is based on static assumptions about technology, tastes and environmental investments […]. As incomes rise, the demand for improvements in environmental quality will increase, as will the resources available for investment".…”