Constructed Wetlands as a Landscape Management Practice for Nutrient Removal from Agricultural Runoff—A Local Practice Case on the East Coast of Taiwan

Abstract

Runoff with excessive nutrients from rice paddy fields that releases into the Pacific Ocean has been a possible cause of water body pollution and harm to marine life. Constructed wetlands had developed for decades but were rarely implemented in treating agricultural pollution in Taiwan. Moreover, the environmental policies haven’t provided enough instructions, support, or compensation for the establishment of this practice. The rice paddy field that was chosen in this study is located in Xinshe, Taiwan. It is close to the Pacific Ocean where coral reefs are nearby and fishery resource is abundant. In this study, the northern half of the whole organic field was chosen, and the contributing area is approximately 1 × 105 m2. Four plots of constructed wetlands (approximately 17.5 m wide, 16.7 m long, and 0.2 m deep each, covering 1164.74 m2 of the total area) and employing surface flow were established as CW treatment. Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) was used for treating the nutrient runoff from organic rice paddy fields. Water samples of input and output of constructed wetlands were collected during 51 days of the experimental period (from the first day of rice transplantation to 10-days before harvest). Ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and total phosphorus concentrations were analyzed to calculate the nutrient load. The runoff of rice paddy fields without constructed wetlands was also sampled as a reference (RPF treatment). In average, about 54.3% ammonia and 42.7% nitrate was removed from the runoff that went through the CW treatment, while 4.2% ammonia and 51.3% nitrate increase were found at the output of the RPF treatment. Meanwhile, 35.6% of total phosphorus and 29.5% of phosphate were removed from the runoff of constructed wetlands. Only 16.4% total phosphorus and 6.4% phosphate were removed from the RPF treatment. Results indicate that constructed wetlands are promising treatment for agricultural runoff and the result can be used as a reference for the future environmental policies enactment in Taiwan.

Knowledge Atlas on the Relationship between Water Management and Constructed Wetlands—A Bibliometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace

“…Table 6 shows the combination of agricultural wastewater treatments by different plant combinations, adsorption devices, and CWs. Moreover, strategies and techniques for the removal and reuse of phosphorus from agricultural surface runoff using CWs, and the use of CWs as an effective practice for agricultural-runoff management and landscape enhancement, are proposed [101,102]. Third, CWs play a significant role in the removal of contaminants from industrial wastewater, such as those from rice mills, glass factories, and tanneries [103].…”

The Spring to Coast Approach in Small-Scale Catchments and Adjacent Coastal Zone

“…Thus, sustainable solutions, like constructed wetlands or vegetated buffer strips, can be implemented to treat agricultural runoff prior to its release in the aquatic ecosystems. This nature-based approach constitutes an alternative and cost-effective solution that has been widely used for water pollution originating from agricultural activities [69][70][71]. Since both the Laspias and Lissos rivers are highly affected by agricultural runoff, these applications look rather promising in the field of water purification.…”