Constructed reed beds: A cost‐effective way to polish wastewater effluents for small communities

Green, M. B.; Upton, J.

doi:10.2175/wer.66.3.2

Cited by 54 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Such wetlands include "reed beds" and "root-zone" treatment methods [37] devised to obtained environmental duty from the macrophytes cultivated in trenches or on beds saturated with sewages or wastewaters. The wetland is normally a shallow bed, about 0.3 to 0.8 m deep, filled with layers of gravel (<15 mm) and sand (or sandy loam) of porosity around 42%.…”

Section: Summary Of the Technical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholder Views, Financing and Policy Implications for Reuse of Wastewater for Irrigation: A Case from Hyderabad, India

Starkl

Brunner

Amerasinghe³

et al. 2015

Water

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When flowing through Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana, India, the Musi River picks up (partially) treated and untreated sewage from the city. Downstream of the city, farmers use this water for the irrigation of rice and vegetables. Treatment of the river water before it is used for irrigation would address the resulting risks for health and the environment. To keep the costs and operational efforts low for the farmers, the use of constructed wetlands is viewed as a suitable option. Towards this end, the paper investigates the interests and perceptions of government stakeholders and famers on the treatment of wastewater for irrigation and further explores the consumer willingness to pay a higher price for cleaner produced vegetables. Full cost recovery from farmers and consumers cannot be expected, if mass scale treatment of irrigation water is implemented. OPEN ACCESSWater 2015, 7 301Instead, both consumers and farmers would expect that the government supports treatment of irrigation water. Most stakeholders associated with the government weigh health and environment so high, that these criteria outweigh cost concerns. They also support the banning of irrigation with polluted water. However, fining farmers for using untreated river water would penalize them for pollution caused by others. Therefore public funding of irrigation water treatment is recommended.

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Section: Summary Of the Technical Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholder Views, Financing and Policy Implications for Reuse of Wastewater for Irrigation: A Case from Hyderabad, India

Starkl

Brunner

Amerasinghe³

et al. 2015

Water

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“…A welldesigned constructed wetland can achieve high removal efficiencies for contaminants, with low construction and operational costs when compared with traditional wastewater treatment methods (Brix, 1987;Conley et al, 1991;Green & Upton, 1994). However, greater understanding of the complex processes involved with higher plants, microorganisms, the soil matrix and pollutants in wastewater, and how they interact with each other within the wetland, is needed for further optimization of removal efficiency (Stottmeister et al, 2003;Thullen et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Morphology, ecology, and contaminant removal efficiency of eight wetland plants with differing root systems

Cheng

Chen

et al. 2008

Hydrobiologia

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The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fibrous-root plants and rhizomatic-root plants are characterized by different root morphologies, root growth and distribution, and contaminant removal capabilities. Four fibrous-root and four rhizomatic-root wetland plants were studied in mono-cultured microcosms which received wastewater. Fibrous-root plants had significantly greater (P \ 0.05) small-size root (diameter B 1 mm) biomass and a larger (P \ 0.05) root surface area per plant than the rhizomatic-root plants and exhibited accelerated growth in both shoots and roots compared to the rhizomatic-root plants. Fibrous-root plants developed the majority of their root biomass increment within a shallower gravel medium than the rhizomatic-root plants. All plants demonstrated fast root biomass growth from July to September. The wetland microcosms planted with fibrous-root plants showed significantly higher (P \ 0.05) ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 -N) and nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) removal rates from July to December than those planted with the rhizomatic-root plants. These results suggest that root characteristics of wetland plants, which are related to their shoot and root growth, root distribution, and decontamination ability, can be used in the selection of wetland plants with a higher contaminant removal capacity and in the construction of a multi-species wetland plant community.

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“…Numerous reports have demonstrated that various macrophytes are effective in treating polluted water, including municipal waste water (Ge´rard, Jean-Luc, and Thierry 2002;Jing et al 2002), agricultural non-point source pollution (Headley, Huett, and Davison 2001;Millhollon et al 2009), and eutrophic water bodies (Green and Upton 1994). Macrophytes can take up nitrogen and phosphorus from surface water (Tanner 2001;Wang et al 2007), filter suspended particulate organic matter, increase the oxygen concentration of the water, and reduce flow velocity, which increases the water residence time.…”

Section: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal And Morphological And Physiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal and morphological and physiological response inNymphaea tetragonaunder various planting densities

Chen

2012

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry

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Various planting densities (5, 10, or 20 plants per tank) of Nymphaea tetragona were water-cultivated in nine tanks to treat polluted water. The effects of planting density on nitrogen and phosphorus removal and on plant physiology in various seasons were analyzed. The results indicated that an increase in planting density improved the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted water. When planting density increased from 10 to 20 plants per tank, the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus removal increased slowly, but some decline in individual plants was observed. The removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from polluted water correlated with seasonal variations in plant physiology, being most significant in autumn. There were 20 tillers in each plant with 10 plants per tank, compared to 11 tillers per plant with 20 plants per tank. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the plants for 5-10 plants per tank was 5.2 and 0.52 g kg À1 , compared to 1.2 and 0.13 g kg À1 for 10-20 plants per tank, respectively. It is important to choose a reasonable planting density that is based on seasonal variations in plant physiology for the ecological restoration of polluted water.

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Constructed reed beds: A cost‐effective way to polish wastewater effluents for small communities

Cited by 54 publications

References 2 publications

Stakeholder Views, Financing and Policy Implications for Reuse of Wastewater for Irrigation: A Case from Hyderabad, India

Stakeholder Views, Financing and Policy Implications for Reuse of Wastewater for Irrigation: A Case from Hyderabad, India

Morphology, ecology, and contaminant removal efficiency of eight wetland plants with differing root systems

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal and morphological and physiological response inNymphaea tetragonaunder various planting densities

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