“…1 Second, positivist research relies on statistical methods and tests. Nevertheless, observational biases, measurement errors, model misspecification, and the ambiguity of findings compromise the ascertainment of causation (Bergh and Holbein, 1997;Boyd et al, 2005b;Denrell, 2003;Shaver, 1998). For instance, a direct empirical association of resources with superior financial performance does not preclude omission or misspecification of links in the complex causal chain, such as industrial conditions, resource properties, competitive advantage, or superior performance (Cockburn et al, 2000; see also Tsang, 2006 about assumption-omitted testing).…”