Abstract:Millisecond pulsars with highly stable periods can be considered as very precise clocks and can be used for pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), which attempt to detect nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) directly. The main sources of nanohertz GWs are supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries with sub-parsec-scale orbits. On the other hand, an SMBH binary in an earlier phase with a parsec-scale orbit emits ultra-low-frequency ($\lesssim 10^{-9}\, \mathrm{Hz}$) GWs and cannot be detected with the conventional PTA method… Show more
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