Constraints, iteration schemes and convergence criteria for concentration calculations in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with the use of fundamental parameter methods

Bos, M.; Vrielink, J.A.M.

doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00412-7

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In SBR the AN groups of NBR 33 are replaced by an aromatic styrene group. Bulky side groups, like styrene, give rise to increased chain stiffness attributed to steric hindrance 19, 25. This is also visible in an increase in glass‐transition temperature (−52°C) and a decrease in gas permeability ( P C2H4 = 18.9 Barrer) compared to those of BR ( T g = −91°C, P C2H4 = 129.9 Barrer).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Selection of top layer materials for gas–liquid membrane contactors

Nymeijer

Folkers

Breebaart

et al. 2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Gas-liquid membrane contactors frequently suffer from wetting of the microporous membrane. Stabilization layers at the liquid side of the membrane potentially prevent this wetting. We applied such stabilized membranes to the separation of olefins and paraffins using AgNO 3 solutions as absorption liquid. The stabilization material requires permeation of olefins at minimum counter transport of water. Appropriate selection of the top layer material is crucial in this application. This report describes the selection of potential top layer materials. Dense films of the selected materials were prepared and used to determine ethylene and ethane permeabilities, to perform pervaporation experiments with water and a 3.5M solution of silver nitrate in water, and to determine the swelling behavior of the dense films in water and in a 3.5M silver nitrate solution. Based on the characterization experiments, ethylene propylenediene terpolymer is the most appropriate candidate with the highest potential for application in a gas-liquid membrane contactor for the separation of paraffins and olefins. It has a relatively high olefin permeability (46.4 Barrer) and a corresponding low water vapor permeability and low swelling tendency in a 3.5M silver nitrate solution (1490 Barrer and 0.14 wt %, respectively).

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The apparatus was calibrated using a single‐point calibration method and the data of the sample were corrected for the influence of the polymer matrix material. The apparatus used was a Philips PW 1480 X‐ray spectrometer and the data were analyzed using a fundamental parameter method 19…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selection of top layer materials for gas–liquid membrane contactors

Nymeijer

Folkers

Breebaart

et al. 2004

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The qualitative investigations of chemical composition were performed in the mapping system of the internal part of mould halves, and by analysing characteristic elements: Cu, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Ni. [22][23][24]. The 3D model acquisition was performed with a triangulation based 3D laser scanner (MetraSCAN 3D), using an optical tracking system (C-Track 780) by Creaform.…”

Section: Issues and Research Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the Casting Technology in the Bronze Age on the Basis of Investigations and Visualisation of Casting Moulds

Garbacz-Klempka¹,

Kwak²,

Żak³

et al. 2017

Archives of Foundry Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

During excavation of the cremation cemetery of urnfield culture in Legnica at Spokojna Street (Lower Silesia, Poland), dated to 1100-700 BC, the largest - so far in Poland – a collection of casting moulds from the Bronze Age was discovered: three moulds for axes casting made out of stone and five moulds for casting sickles, razors, spearhead and chisels, made out of clay. This archaeological find constituted fittings of foundrymen’s graves. In order to perform the complete analysis of moulds in respect of their application in the Bronze Age casting technology analytical methods, as well as, computer aided methods of technological processes were used. Macroscopic investigations were performed and the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry method was used to analyse the chemical composition and metal elements content in mould cavities. Moulds were subjected to three-dimensional scanning and due to the reverse engineering the geometry of castings produced in these moulds were obtained.The gathered data was used to perform design and research works by means of the MAGMA5software. Various variants of the pouring process and alloys solidification in these archaeological moulds were simulated. The obtained results were utilised in the interpretation of the Bronze Age casting production in stone and clay moulds, with regard to their quality and possibility of casting defects occurrence being the result of these moulds construction.The reverse engineering, modelling and computer simulation allowed the analysis of moulds and castings. Investigations of casting moulds together with their digitalisation and reconstruction of casting technology, confirm the high advancement degree of production processes in the Bronze Age.

show abstract

“…The test is usually based on pure element calibration method (i.e. Fundamental Parameter method) [14][15][16], which allows for performing standard-free measurements by using spectral library.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect Of Void Formation On The Reliability Of ED-XRF Measurements In Lead-Free Reflow Soldering

Koncz-Horváth¹,

Gergely²,

Gácsi³

2015

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In lead-free reflow soldering, the presence of voids should be taken into account. For this reason, the effect of the applied heating profiles was examined via the characterization of voids in galvanic and immersion Sn coatings. According to EU Directive 2002/95/EC, the screening of Pb element of reflow soldering (i.e. of electrical and electronic equipment) is necessary; and the practical implementation of this measurement is largely affected by the characteristics of the solder (i.e. the presence of voids and the inhomogeneity of the solder). Comparing the results of the above two coating methods, it was found that by chemical coating more voids were formed and the detected lead content was higher than for galvanic Sn. The standard deviation of Ag and Cu concentrations was mainly influenced by the appearance of large compounds in the second case, while with chemical coating, no large compounds were formed due to the elevated number of voids.

show abstract

Constraints, iteration schemes and convergence criteria for concentration calculations in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with the use of fundamental parameter methods

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Selection of top layer materials for gas–liquid membrane contactors

Selection of top layer materials for gas–liquid membrane contactors

Reconstruction of the Casting Technology in the Bronze Age on the Basis of Investigations and Visualisation of Casting Moulds

The Effect Of Void Formation On The Reliability Of ED-XRF Measurements In Lead-Free Reflow Soldering

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About