Constraining the Oceanic Uptake and Fluxes of Greenhouse Gases by Building an Ocean Network of Certified Stations: The Ocean Component of the Integrated Carbon Observation System, ICOS-Oceans

Abstract

The European Research Infrastructure Consortium "Integrated Carbon Observation System" (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP -Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on communityproven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org September 2019 | Volume 6 | Article 544 Steinhoff et al. ICOS-Oceans Networkare processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO 2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOS-Oceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a threedimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design.

A Global Ocean Oxygen Database and Atlas for Assessing and Predicting Deoxygenation and Ocean Health in the Open and Coastal Ocean

“…The potential for collecting high temporal resolution data from such platforms is high, but currently there is no real community for underway O 2 measurements (on any platform) and no consensus as to which sensors should be used and what quality control measures should be taken. Ships Of OPportunity (SOOPs) of the European Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) ERIC, which measure surface pCO 2 and contribute to the Surface Ocean CO 2 Observing NETwork (SOCONET, Wanninkhof et al, 2019), are required to perform concurrent surface O 2 measurements for scientific use to be labeled as "Class 1" station (Steinhoff et al, 2019), which currently 11 out of 12 ICOS-Ocean SOOP lines have. They typically use O 2 optodes in a flow through system.…”

Advances in fisheries science through emerging observing technologies

“…Using VOS to collect environmental data dates back to 1853 Brussels Conference but became more established at the start of the 20 th century. The first attempt was mainly centered on physical data as temperature, salinity and meteorological data, starting from the use of eXpendable Bathy (Reverdin et al, 2009) to the deployment of more sensitive sensors as pCO2 (Steinhoff et al, 2019). In recent years with rapid changes and increasing use of citizen science, fishing vessels and fishing gears are becoming new VOS programs collecting observations data in support of oceanography and sheries science and speci cally for addressing the challenges of rapid climate change and for strengthening the coastal fisheries and ocean observing system.…”

Meteorological observations in tall masts for the mapping of atmospheric flow in Norwegian fjords

“…The masts are guyed lattice towers (Storfjorden) and tubular masts (Julsundet and Halsafjorden) except at Kårsteinen, Langeneset and Nautneset, which are self-supporting lattice masts. Nautneset was previously instrumented with an accelerometer to verify that the swinging motion of the selfsupporting masts has a negligible impact on the intended use of the wind measurements (Tallhaug, 2017). The three wind components are recorded using three-axial ultrasonic anemometers (Gill WindMaster Pro) which logs at 20 Hz.…”