Constitutive secretion of β-trace protein by cultivated porcine choroid plexus epithelial cells: Elucidation of its complete amino acid and cDNA sequences

Hoffmann, Andrea; Gath, U.; Groß, Gerhard; Lauber, Jörg; Getzlaff, Rita; Hellwig, Sabine; Galla, Hans‐Joachim; Conradt, Harald S.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199611)169:2<235::aid-jcp2>3.0.co;2-p

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Our results are in agreement with the previous reports by our group and others, in which the immunoreactivity and/or the mRNA was found in the arachnoid membrane, the choroid plexus, and oligodendrocytes of various mammals (Urade et al, 1987, Urade et al, 1993; Blödorn et al, 1996; Yamashima et al, 1997; Eguchi et al, 1999). Our results are also corroborated by the fact that cultured leptomeningeal cells and choroid plexus epithelial cells secreted PGDS into their culture medium (Hoffmann et al, 1996; Ohe et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Cellular localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (?-trace) in the central nervous system of the adult rat

Beuckmann¹,

Lazarus²,

Gerashchenko³

et al. 2000

J. Comp. Neurol.

124

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We applied high-resolution laser-scanning microscopy, electron microscopy, and non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry to determine the cellular and intracellular localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase, the major brain-derived protein component of cerebrospinal fluid, and its mRNA in leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and parenchyma of the adult rat brain. Both immunoreactivity and mRNA for prostaglandin D synthase were located in arachnoid barrier cells, arachnoid trabecular cells, and arachnoid pia mater cells. Furthermore, meningeal macrophages and perivascular microglial cells, identified by use of ED2 antibody, were immunopositive for prostaglandin D synthase. In the arachnoid trabecular cells, the immunoreactivity for prostaglandin D synthase was located in the nuclear envelope, Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles, indicating the active production and secretion of prostaglandin D synthase. In the meningeal macrophages, prostaglandin D synthase was not found around the nucleus but in lysosomes in the cytoplasm, pointing to an uptake of the protein from the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore, the existence of meningeal cyclooxygenase (COX) -1 and COX-2 was investigated by Western blot, Northern blot, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the colocalization of COX-2 and prostaglandin D synthase was demonstrated in virtually all cells of the leptomeninges, choroid plexus epithelial cells, and perivascular microglial cells, suggesting that these cells synthesize prostaglandin D(2) actively. Alternatively, oligodendrocytes showed prostaglandin D synthase immunoreactivity without detectable COX-2. The localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in meningeal cells and its colocalization with COX-2 provide evidence for its function as a prostaglandin D(2)-producing enzyme.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Cellular localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (?-trace) in the central nervous system of the adult rat

Beuckmann¹,

Lazarus²,

Gerashchenko³

et al. 2000

J. Comp. Neurol.

124

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“…24 This supports the currently held concept that in addition to producing CSF, the ChPCs have an endocrine function because they produce an insulin-like growth factor II 19 and calcyphosine. 9 Also, the ChPCs produce several active substances, among which are the transport protein transthyretin, 23 a ganglioside GD3, 12 a prostaglandin-D synthase (''beta-trace protein''), 11 and a retinaldehyde dehydrogenase. 26 Recently, synaptophysin has been found to be present in both normal and neoplastic ChPCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytology of the Normal and Abnormal Choroid Plexi in Selected Domestic Mammals, Wildlife Species, and Man

Garma-Aviña

2004

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract.A cytologic study of the choroid plexi of animals and humans was carried out using impression smears (imprints, imp) to understand better the cellular changes that occur in the cerebrospinal fluid in the case of disease. The samples, totaling 756 imp were from 11 dogs (239 imp), 10 horses (219 imp), 1 mule (23 imp), 3 cattle (69 imp), 1 sheep (19 imp), 2 pigs (39 imp), 1 deer (20 imp), 4 monkeys (22 imp), and 7 humans (106 imp). The samples came from individuals clinically free of neurologic disease, as well as from a few abnormal cases. Six of the 7 humans had no history of neurologic disease and had a complete necropsy with brain histopathology. The seventh human case had mild neurologic signs at the time of death and only a partial necropsy with histopathological examination of the brain, in which a few small leptomeningeal lymphocytic infiltrates and polymicrogyria were found. One of the human brains without neurologic disease had arteriosclerosis. In the 40 individuals studied, several features and some unique cell types were found, for which little or no information is available. Four different morphologic cell types were consistently found in all the species studied. The first 3 types were arbitrarily named alpha (with deeply basophilic cytoplasm), beta (with neutral to weakly acidophilic cytoplasm), and gamma or vesicle-bearing cells. The third type, gamma, was a cell bearing unique inclusions (vesicles) filled with many tiny light tan to pale pink granules. The fourth type was the Kolmer cell found in very low numbers. Immature lymphocytes were found in all of 3 newborn foals, in 1 pig, and in the only stillborn calf and deer studied. The results suggest that the choroid plexi contain more than 1 epithelial cell type and that knowledge of their morphology is far from complete because other unusual cells and structures are also present in small numbers. Imprints are excellent for studying the choroid plexi, especially for tiny changes that are too subtle to be seen in hematoxylin and eosin sections.The first cytologic specimens of human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were studied for diagnostic purposes more than a century ago. 25 Subsequently, the cytologic study of the CSF has become routine procedure in human and veterinary hospitals all over the world. Because about 90% of the CSF is produced by the choroid plexi cells (ChPCs), 22 knowledge of the appearance of these cells in cytologic specimens can be useful for the identification of cells or structures found in the CSF. Considerable confusion exists, however, on the actual morphology of ChPCs in CSF specimens, for although a few publications have illustrated their incidental finding in the CSF, no proof of their identity has ever been offered. On comparing the photographs of purported ChPCs depicted in 5 different cytology publications, none of them shows the same cell type, and no proof of their identity is offered. 4,5,15 Also, the ASCP official publication on the cytology of body fluids does not even include a photograph. 14 Surprisingly, no...

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“…PGDS has structural and functional homology to ␤-trace protein, a major constituent of CSF in humans and other species (Hoffman et al, 1993) with enzymatic properties similar to those of brain PGDS (Watanabe et al, 1994). PGDS/␤-trace mRNA is found predominantly in choroid plexus and leptomeningeal cells (Urade et al, 1993(Urade et al, , 1995Hoffman et al, 1996;Ohe et al, 1996), and the protein is secreted into CSF. PGD 2 concentrations in CSF exhibit a circadian pattern (Pandley et al, 1995) and increase in CSF during sleep in the adult (Ram et al, 1997).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostaglandin D Synthase in the Prenatal Ovine Brain and Effects of Its Inhibition with Selenium Chloride on Fetal Sleep/Wake ActivityIn Utero

Lee

Hirst²,

Walker³

2002

J. Neurosci.

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It has been proposed that prostaglandin (PG) D(2) induces physiological sleep in mammals by acting on sleep centers located in the anterior hypothalamus. In fetal sheep, definitive rapid-eye-movement and non-rapid-eye-movement sleep states appear at approximately 125 d gestation (term is approximately 147 d). In adult animals, PGD synthase (PGDS) (functionally and structurally homologous to beta-trace protein) is secreted into CSF with a circadian pattern, with the highest concentrations present during sleep. In this study we show that PGDS/beta-trace protein is present in fetal sheep CSF at 125 and 135 d gestation but not at 90 d gestation. SeCl(4), a specific inhibitor of PGDS, was given to unanesthetized fetal sheep (130-140 d gestation) by intracerebroventricular infusion at a dose of 25, 100, 500, or 1000 pmol/min for 4 hr. Artificial CSF was infused in control experiments. Arousal behavior, defined as the presence of nuchal muscle electromyogram activity, electro-ocular activity, and breathing movements during low-amplitude electrocortical activity, increased from 3.8 +/- 1 min/hr to 6.6 +/- 0.5 and 7.0 +/- 0.3 min/hr at doses of 100 and 500 pmol/min, respectively (p < 0.05). SeCl(4) at 25 and 1000 pmol/min had no significant effect on arousal activity. Infusion of PGD(2) at 500 pmol/min intracerebroventricularly for 4 hr decreased the incidence of arousal from 3.8 +/- 0.5 min/hr to 0.7 +/- 0.3 min/hr (p < 0.05). When 500 pmol/min PGD(2) was infused immediately after a 4 hr infusion of SeCl(4) (500 pmol/min), the SeCl(4)-induced increase in arousal behavior was abolished. Together, the presence of PGDS/beta-trace protein in fetal CSF in late gestation and the effects of SeCl(4) in increasing the incidence of arousal-like behavior suggest that PGD(2) has a role in the induction and maintenance of prenatal sleep.

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Constitutive secretion of β-trace protein by cultivated porcine choroid plexus epithelial cells: Elucidation of its complete amino acid and cDNA sequences

Cited by 18 publications

References 15 publications

Cellular localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (?-trace) in the central nervous system of the adult rat

Cellular localization of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (?-trace) in the central nervous system of the adult rat

Cytology of the Normal and Abnormal Choroid Plexi in Selected Domestic Mammals, Wildlife Species, and Man

Prostaglandin D Synthase in the Prenatal Ovine Brain and Effects of Its Inhibition with Selenium Chloride on Fetal Sleep/Wake ActivityIn Utero

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