Constitutive Criminology and the ‘War on Terror’

Ahmed, Shamila

doi:10.1007/s10612-014-9235-6

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…As such, BJS hate crime statistics are part of the state's interpellation (Althusser 1971) or production of identities that most benefit the state. Failing to acknowledge that Muslims do not look like the racially-specific group of people who are targeted by anti-Muslim hatred lends credence to the imagined, racialized enemy in the War on Terror-part of the longer history of state-sponsored racism (Ahmed 2012;Haney-Lopez 1996). It is especially important that criminologists interrupt this interpellation in the emboldened racial animus of the Trump era.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muslim Victimization in the Contemporary US: Clarifying the Racialization Thesis

Kaufman

Niner

2019

Crit Crim

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This article draws on in-depth, qualitative interviews with Muslim and non-Muslim Americans in 2016 to specify how Muslim "racialization" is shaped by the racial politics of the United States (US). Anti-Muslim bias is not experienced by religious Muslims as a whole, but by people whose bodies are read to be affiliated with the Islamic religion-often erroneously-because of their perceived racial characteristics. Self-identified black, white, and Hispanic Muslims with no visible markers of their religion do not experience anti-Muslim harassment, while non-Muslim Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs who embody an imagined "Muslim look," cope with fear and aggression from strangers on a daily basis. These findings are notable for two reasons. First, our respondents demonstrate how racialized religion is mutable: they are active in constructing how Islam is read on their bodies in public. Second, our findings demonstrate how hate crime categorization in the US obscures the role that racism plays in religious victimization. We urge scholars who study anti-Muslim acts to include non-Muslims in their analyses, and advocate for the re-conceptualization of identity-based hate crime categories. Excavating the corporeality of criminal victimization in particular can help to understand the ways in which biases are experienced in the contemporary US.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muslim Victimization in the Contemporary US: Clarifying the Racialization Thesis

Kaufman

Niner

2019

Crit Crim

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“…The study demonstrated how the cumulative impact of the 'what if? '/governmentality approach, with the expansion of methods of social control which are based on the discursive categorization of risk and threat (see Ahmed (2014a) for the discursive categorization of risk and threat in the 'war on terror') had left participants feeling controlled and as having their freedom restricted as Mazar and Mohammed explain:…”

Section: 'What If?' Pre-emption and The Regulation Of Freedom Securmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The research explored participants’ perceptions of the external ‘war on terror’ in order to examine how the policy measures implemented in the ‘war on terror’ have influenced British Muslims’ emotions. However prior to discussing the dominant themes to emerge from the research, it is worth noting the prevalence of emotions in the ‘war on terror’ (see Ahmed (2014a) for an in depth discussion on the construction of the ‘war on terror’). The ‘war on terror’ and the prominence of risk, fear and suspicion as tools of insecurity serving to secure legitimacy in the expansion of social control mark the ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”’.…”

Section: The Context: the ‘Emotionalization Of The “War On Terror”’mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 9/11 and the subsequent ‘war on terror’ there has been a renewed academic interest in terrorism and criminology has been quick to discuss, explore and critique various facets of the ‘war on terror’, including the construction of the ‘war on terror’, foreign policy, counter-terrorism legislation and policing (Ahmed, 2014a; Hudson, 2009; Hudson and Walters, 2009; Mythen and Walkate, 2006, 2008; Panthazis and Pemberton, 2009). However, criminology has been slow to explore emotions in relation to the ‘war on terror’, even though the possible avenues of research available through incorporating emotions have been well highlighted within the social sciences with disciplines including psychology, political science and international relations studying the phenomenon of emotions (Frijda et al, 2000; Hochschild, 1983; Petersen, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”’: Counter-terrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness

Ahmed

2015

Criminology & Criminal Justice

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The 'war on terror' has marked the existence of exceptional measures involving military action abroad and the introduction of counter-terrorism legislation in the United Kingdom. Within this context fear, risk and insecurity have been intrinsic in legitimizing the measures created as being necessary to maintain national security. This article presents the findings from a study investigating the impact of the 'war on terror' on British Muslims' emotions. The study revealed how facets of the 'war on terror', including 'human rights and policing', 'What if? and pre-emption', 'geopolitics and reflexive fear and risk' and 'fear from inside the binary' impacted participants' emotions. Through exploring how thepolicy measures implemented in the 'war on terror' have influenced British Muslims' emotions, the article takes a small step in addressing the analytical gap in criminological research on emotions in the 'war on terror'.

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“…According to research by Alam and Husband [1], these two policies identified British Muslim communities as 'a threat to the British way of life'. A new discourse on British Muslims emerged whereby ministers singled 'Muslims out as inferior and in need of being civilised', they were associated with terrorism, fundamentalism and extremism and this new discourse, through highlighting their religious identity separated them from other minorities (also see [2] for a larger discussion of the construction on the war on terror discourse). ( [43], p. 9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

British Muslims perceptions of social cohesion: from multiculturalism to community cohesion and the ‘war on terror’

Ahmed

2018

Crime Law Soc Change

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Since the Northern disturbances of 2001 and the terrorist attacks of September 11th , the UK government has changed the focus of policies from those that predominantly focused on British Muslims' Asian identity, to those that focus on British Muslims' religious identity. The fracturing of the Asian identity has been evident in the political discourses on the 'war on terror' and community cohesion, with both defining British Muslims through their religious identity, as opposed to their Asian identity, an identity for which inter Asian commonality existed. This article draws on research that was conducted on British Muslims' perceptions of social policy since the 1980s and explores the extent to which changes in governmental policies have impacted British Muslims' perceptions of commonality with non-British Muslims. The article demonstrates how the 'war on terror' and community cohesion are negatively impacting social cohesion through making British Muslims feel isolated and marginalised in society. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to the radicalisation of British Muslims and the growing influence of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS).

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Constitutive Criminology and the ‘War on Terror’

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Muslim Victimization in the Contemporary US: Clarifying the Racialization Thesis

Muslim Victimization in the Contemporary US: Clarifying the Racialization Thesis

The ‘emotionalization of the “war on terror”’: Counter-terrorism, fear, risk, insecurity and helplessness

British Muslims perceptions of social cohesion: from multiculturalism to community cohesion and the ‘war on terror’

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