Constitutive and blood meal‐induced trypsin genes in <i>Lutzomyia longipalpis</i>

Telleria, Erich Loza; Pitaluga, André Nóbrega; Ortigão-Farias, João Ramalho; Araújo, Adriana Pereira Oliveira de; Ramalho-Ortigão, José Marcelo; Traub-Csekö, Yara M.

doi:10.1002/arch.20198

Cited by 26 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…longipalpis, trypsin-like proteins were identified that displaying high sequence similarities to those from P. papatasi. [40][41][42] Also, mutants lacking lipophosphoglycan were more susceptible to digestion by enzymes. 10 Our data consistently showed high parasite mortality at the early stages of L. infantum chagasi infection, which is probably caused by enzymatic activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Its Natural Sandfly Vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

Freitas

Parreiras²,

Duarte³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We analyzed the development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in its natural sandfly vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. In addition, we compared sandfly infections initiated with axenic amastigotes or promastigotes. Our data showed no important difference between Lu. longipalpis infection rates resulting from either type of infections. Furthermore, development of infection was equivalent in both cases. All promastigote forms were found inside the sandfly and, after blood digestion, most of the population consisted of procyclics and nectomonads. A low percentage of metacyclic forms was coincident with a high number of nectomonads during late stages of infection, but which form gives rise to metacyclic forms in L. infantum chagasi is unknown. These results also show that the promastigote infection model, at least for this situation, is suitable for obtaining of infected sandflies because it is easier and less laborious.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Its Natural Sandfly Vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

Freitas

Parreiras²,

Duarte³

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…Lltryp2, on the other hand, is constitutively expressed as high levels in the non-blood fed female, but is reduced upon blood feeding. At the end of the digestive cycle, Lltryp2 regains its preblood meal levels (Telleria et al 2007). The two trypsin types were identiWed in our EST project (accession numbers EX210491 and EX211460 respectively).…”

Section: Trypsin-likementioning

confidence: 97%

“…In addition to their role in blood meal digestion, these proteases also have been implicated in the ability of certain pathogens to infect their natural vector (Shahabuddin et al 1996). In L. longipalpis, the expression proWles of two trypsin-like genes (Lltryp1 and Lltryp2) were previously characterized (Telleria et al 2007). Lltryp1 expression remains undetected until blood feeding and reaches a peak at 12 h post-blood meal (PBM), returning to pre-blood meal levels at 72 h PBM.…”

Section: Trypsin-likementioning

confidence: 98%

EST sequencing of blood-fed and Leishmania-infected midgut of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal visceral leishmaniasis vector in the Americas

et al. 2009

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Leishmaniasis is an important worldwide public health problem. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi is mainly transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis in the Americas. Leishmania development within the sand fly vector is mostly restricted to the midgut. Thus, a comparative analysis of blood-fed versus infected midguts may provide an invaluable insight into various aspects of sand fly immunity, physiology of blood digestion, and, more importantly, of Leishmania development. To that end, we have engaged in a study to identify expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) from L. longipalpis cDNA libraries produced from midguts dissected at different times post blood meal and also after artificial infection with L. i. chagasi. A total of 2,520 ESTs were obtained and, according to the quality of the sequencing data obtained, assembled into 378 clusters and 1,526 individual sequences or singletons totalizing 1,904 sequences. Several sequences associated with defense, apoptosis, RNAi, and digestion processes were annotated. The data presented here increases current knowledge on the New World sand fly transcriptome, contributing to the understanding of various aspects of the molecular physiology of L. longipalpis, and mechanisms underlying the relationship of this sand fly species with L. i. chagasi.

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“…longipalpis longevity and this is effect is enhanced if infected flies are stressed [3, 18]. It is known that Leishmania can modulate the digestive enzymes of the sand fly host [19–21] and may cause damage to the stomodeal valve in the gut [22]. There is also evidence for an insect immune response towards Leishmania and if the sand fly immune system is appropriately stimulated this can lead to a loss of Leishmania infection [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonisation resistance in the sand fly gut: Leishmania protects Lutzomyia longipalpis from bacterial infection

et al. 2014

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BackgroundPhlebotomine sand flies transmit the haemoflagellate Leishmania, the causative agent of human leishmaniasis. The Leishmania promastigotes are confined to the gut lumen and are exposed to the gut microbiota within female sand flies. Here we study the colonisation resistance of yeast and bacteria in preventing the establishment of a Leishmania population in sand flies and the ability of Leishmania to provide colonisation resistance towards the insect bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens that is also pathogenic towards Leishmania.MethodsWe isolated microorganisms from wild-caught and laboratory-reared female Lutzomyia longipalpis, identified as Pseudozyma sp. Asaia sp. and Ochrobactrum intermedium. We fed the females with a sugar meal containing the microorganisms and then subsequently fed them with a bloodmeal containing Leishmania mexicana and recorded the development of the Leishmania population. Further experiments examined the effect of first colonising the sand fly gut with L. mexicana followed by feeding with, Serratia marcescens, an insect bacterial pathogen. The mortality of the flies due to S. marcescens was recorded in the presence and absence of Leishmania.ResultsThere was a reduction in the number of flies harbouring a Leishmania population that had been pre-fed with Pseudozyma sp. and Asaia sp. or O. intermedium. Experiments in which L. mexicana colonised the sand fly gut prior to being fed an insect bacterial pathogen, Serratia marcescens, showed that the survival of flies with a Leishmania infection was significantly higher compared to flies without Leishmania infection.ConclusionsThe yeast and bacterial colonisation experiments show that the presence of sand fly gut microorganisms reduce the potential for Leishmania to establish within the sand fly vector. Sand flies infected with Leishmania were able to survive an attack by the bacterial pathogen that would have killed the insect and we concluded that Leishmania may benefit its insect host whilst increasing the potential to establish itself in the sand fly vector. We suggest that the increased ability of the sand fly to withstand a bacterial entomopathogen, due to the presence of the Leishmania, may provide an evolutionary pressure for the maintenance of the Leishmania-vector association.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-329) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Constitutive and blood meal‐induced trypsin genes in Lutzomyia longipalpis

Cited by 26 publications

References 25 publications

Development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Its Natural Sandfly Vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

Development of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in Its Natural Sandfly Vector Lutzomyia longipalpis

EST sequencing of blood-fed and Leishmania-infected midgut of Lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal visceral leishmaniasis vector in the Americas

Colonisation resistance in the sand fly gut: Leishmania protects Lutzomyia longipalpis from bacterial infection

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