“…The child who has failed to learn the appropriate responses for social interactions, will, according to Bodman (1950), remain socially immature and consequently, because he does not have the necessary social skills, "the degree to which [he] has confidence in his ability, real or fancied, to be successful [Fouche & Grobbelaar, 1970, p. 7]" (i.e., his self-esteem) will surely decline. Thus institu-tionalization, in that it deprives the child of the situation in which social skills can be reinforced (Zigler, Butterfield, & Capobianco, 1970), results in a lowering of self-esteem.…”