Constituents of the Essential Oil from Hairy Roots and Plant Roots ofArnica montanaL.

Thymyl esters derivatives and a new natural product modhephanone from Pulicaria mauritanica Coss. (Asteraceae) root oil

“…Computer matching against that library permitted the identification of the following components: ‐8,9‐dehydro‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐ p ‐cymene 15 (1.2% in fraction F2) was identified by comparison of its RIs, MS data and 13 C‐NMR chemical shifts with those reported in the literature; ‐the structure of 6‐methoxythymyl isobutyrate 31 ( 58.3% in F5.1) was easily deduced from the 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR spectra of that fraction when compared with those of methylcarvacrol and thymyl isobutyrate. The 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR data fitted perfectly with those reported by Zee et al , ‐10‐isobutyryloxy‐8,9‐dehydrothymyl isobutyrate 34 (79.8% in F5.3) and 10‐(2‐methylbutyryloxy)‐8,9‐dehydrothymyl isobutyrate 35 (21.0% in F6.3) were identified by comparison with the 13 C‐NMR data reported by Weremczuk‐Jezyna et al ., who isolated these compounds from the root oil of Arnica montana; ‐10‐isobutyryloxy‐8,9‐epoxythymyl isobutyrate 36 (81.7% in F6) and 10‐(2‐methylbutyloxy) 8,9‐epoxythymyl isobutyrate 37 (45.1% in F6.3) were identified by comparison of their 13 C‐NMR chemical shifts with those reported by Zee et al ., who isolated these two compounds from Carpesium divaricatum essential oil; ‐8‐hydroxy‐9,10‐diisobutyryloxy thymol 38. This highly oxygenated compound is not sufficiently volatile and consequently was not eluted by the GC under our analytical conditions.…”

Influence of carbon sources on growth and GC-MS basedmetabolite profiling of Arnica montana L. hairy roots

“…Although essential oils are the most intensively studied biologically active substances in roots of A. montana (Willuhn, 1972a(Willuhn, , 1972bWeremczuk-Jezyna et al, 2006, 2011Pljevljaušić et al, 2012), they were not a subject in the current study. In a previous analysis of normal dried roots of the plant, certain classes of metabolites were established and some of them were present in our study.…”

“…The chemical composition of hairy roots of A. montana obtained by genetic transformation of plant tissue with Agrobacterium rhizogenes is less studied. There are few publications related to transformed roots essential oil constituents (Weremczuk-Jezyna et al, 2006, 2011. The greatest advantages of hairy roots are their genetic and biochemical stability, fast auxinindependent growth, and the ability to synthesize natural compounds at levels comparable to intact plants.…”

Evaluation of the chemical composition of essential oils with respect to the maturity of flower heads of Arnica montana L. and Arnica chamissonis Less. cultivated for industry

“…It is mainly found in grasslands and shrublands as well as alpine mountain 2008; Merfort, 2010). Arnica is a source of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, essential oils, terpenoids, and phenolic acids (Willuhn et al, 1995;Willuhn, 1998;Merfort and Wendisch, 1988;Ganzera et al, 2008;Weremczuk-Jeżyna et al, 2011;Gawlik-Dziki et al, 2009Sugier, 2013), and exhibits antiseptic, antiinflammatory, antiradical, antibacterial, antisclerotic, antifungal, and antioxidant activities (Ganzera et al, 2008;Gawlik-Dziki et al, 2009Sugier and Gawlik-Dziki, 2009;Saluk-Juszczak et al, 2010;Gaspar et al, 2014). Cultivation of other Arnica species with a similar pharmacological effect is one of the different approaches to meet the industrial demand for Arnica and guarantee the supply of a standardised plant drug or of its active substances (Nichterlein, 1995).…”