Consolidation in human motor memory

Brashers-Krug, Thomas; Shadmehr, Reza; Bizzi, Emilio

doi:10.1038/382252a0

Cited by 886 publications

(769 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Indeed, we observed a very fast familiarization of the different techniques: the improvement of the performance between the first and second trial was very strong (by 50% and 30% with the robotic system in 2D and 3D, respectively), confirming the existence of a period of rapid initial learning as shown in other studies in surgery and cognitive psychology [2,5,7,9,14,21]. However, although all the learning curves reached a plateau at the end of the 10 trials, they followed a different pattern for each technique: as in the Prasad et al study [21], our results demonstrated an early phase of greater learning with the robotic system (in 2D and 3D), while the learning curve was extremely reduced, nearly nonexistent, in classical laparoscopy, in contrast to other studies that showed strong learning curves in classical laparoscopy [13].…”

Section: Familiarisation Phasesupporting

confidence: 84%

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Perceptual and instrumental impacts of robotic laparoscopy on surgical performance

et al. 2007

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New technologies in surgery are in constant and considerable evolution; they transform the surgeonÕs activity and practice. In laparoscopic surgery, new systems allow the use of two-(2D) or three-dimensional (3D) vision. However, the literature reports contradictory results concerning the benefits of 3D vision: some studies show that better motor performances are obtained with 3D vision [1,8,19,25,26] while others fail to reveal any difference in performance between 2D and 3D vision [5, 6, 12, 20]. In some studies [5], only complex tasks were performed faster and more easily with a 3D view whereas no difference between the use of 2D and 3D views appeared when performing the easiest tasks. The divergence in these results is partially due to the fact that first-generation 3D systems, with their lower resolution, were compared with standard 2D systems [10]. Nowadays, new 3D systems allow a natural bidimensional view and thus suppress the bias observed in previous studies.In this paper, we used a new-generation 3D system, the da Vinci robotic system. This robotic system allows a 3D visualization of the operative field to be gained, restores the degrees of freedom (DOFs) lost in classical laparoscopy, and improves the dexterity of the surgeonÕs hand and wrist. Only one published study [13] has compared the performance obtained using classical laparoscopic techniques and those using this robotic system. This study revealed advantages of the da Vinci robotic system, particularly when it was used with the 3D view option. However, only six subjects participated in this study and the chosen tasks were very specific to the robotic system training.Our objective was therefore to study, with more participants, the impact of the da Vinci robotic system on standard and ecological surgical tasks of increasing complexity (ecological in the sense that our tasks were similar to the gestures made by the surgeon in a real situation, for which we used bench models developed and validated in several studies [7,22,23]). To analyse the nature of the benefits brought about by these expensive new technologies precisely, we independently differentiated and studied the influence of the 3D view (afferent component), comparing 2D and 3D view, and the influence of movement freedom restauration (DOFs, efferent component), comparing the classical laparoscopy with the robotic system.We also studied the impact of the use of the robotic technology on the subjectÕs self-confidence, satisfaction and facility, knowing that these three factors influence both the performance and acceptance of new technology in the operating room [16,17]. To avoid any bias from earlier laparoscopic experience in our comparison between classical and robotic laparoscopic techniques, we only selected medical students without any prior experience in open, minimally invasive or robotically assisted surgery. Materials and methods MaterialsThe da Vinci system consists of two primary components: the surgeonÕs viewing and control console and, a moveable cart with three articulate...

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Section: Familiarisation Phasesupporting

confidence: 84%

“…First phase: familiarisation Previous studies have shown a strong learning effect after the first use of laparoscopic techniques and in skill learning in general [2,7,9,14,21]. To decrease the learning effect in the subsequent motor tasks and to obtain homogenous groups concerning technical mastery [26], we organised a familiarisation phase.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual and instrumental impacts of robotic laparoscopy on surgical performance

et al. 2007

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“…Previous studies have shown that similar improvements develop provided sleep occurs within a critical time after initial practice (Fischer et al 2002;Walker et al 2003). Some procedural memories also remain susceptible to interference for a critical time following acquisition (Brashers-Krug et al 1996;Muellbacher et al 2002;Walker et al 2003). Thus, a critical time window may be a general feature of offline processing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Motor sequence consolidation: constrained by critical time windows or competing components

Cohen

Robertson

2006

Exp Brain Res

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Skill improvements may develop between practice sessions during memory consolidation. Skill enhancement within an egocentric coordinate frame develops over wake, whereas skill enhancement in an allocentric coordinate frame develops over a night of sleep. We tested whether both types of improvement could develop over two different 24-hr intervals: 8am to 8am or from 8pm to 8pm. We found that for each 24 hour interval, only one type of skill improvement was seen. Despite passing through wake and a night of sleep participants only showed skill improvements commensurate with either a night of sleep or a day awake. The nature of the off-line skill enhancement was determined by when consolidation occurred within the normal sleep-wake cycle. We conclude that motor sequence consolidation is constrained either by having critical time windows or by a competitive interaction in which improvements within one coordinate frame actively block improvements from developing in the alternative coordinate frame.

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“…Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the inputoutput properties of controlled objects (Wolpert et al 1995;Brashers-Krug et al 1996;Kawato 1999;Imamizu et al 2000). Empirically, two types of information are crucial for the switching of internal models: contextual information such as color or shape of the objects that can be perceived before movement execution, and information about the difference between actual and predicted sensorimotor Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00221-007-0940-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explicit contextual information selectively contributes to predictive switching of internal models

Imamizu¹,

Sugimoto²,

Osu

et al. 2007

Exp Brain Res

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Many evidences suggest that the central nervous system (CNS) acquires and switches internal models for adaptive control in various environments. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms responsible for the switching. A recent computational model for simultaneous learning and switching of internal models proposes two separate switching mechanisms: a predictive mechanism purely based on contextual information and a postdictive mechanism based on the difference between actual and predicted sensorimotor feedbacks. This model can switch internal models solely based on contextual information in a predictive fashion immediately after alteration of the environment. Here we show that when subjects simultaneously adapted to alternating blocks of opposing visuomotor rotations, explicit contextual information about the rotations improved the initial performance at block alternations and asymptotic levels of performance within each block but not readaptation speeds. Our simulations using separate switching mechanisms duplicated these effects of contextual information on subject performance and suggest that improvement of initial performance was caused by improved accuracy of the predictive switch while adaptation speed corresponds to a switch dependent on sensorimotor feedback. Simulations also suggested that a slow change in output signals from the switching mechanisms causes contamination of motor commands from an internal model used in the previous context (anterograde interference) and partial destruction of internal models (retrograde interference). Explicit contextual information prevents destruction and assists memory retention by improving the changes in output signals. Thus, the asymptotic levels of performance improved.

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Consolidation in human motor memory

Cited by 886 publications

References 23 publications

Perceptual and instrumental impacts of robotic laparoscopy on surgical performance

Perceptual and instrumental impacts of robotic laparoscopy on surgical performance

Motor sequence consolidation: constrained by critical time windows or competing components

Explicit contextual information selectively contributes to predictive switching of internal models

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