Consolidating working memory: Distinguishing the effects of consolidation, rehearsal and attentional refreshing in a working memory span task

Bayliss, Donna M.; Bogdanovs, Jade; Jarrold, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.12.004

Cited by 56 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(126 reference statements)

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“…Concerning the parity task, four different levels of CL were used. Beyond the expected detrimental effect of CL (Barrouillet et al, 2011), and in line with Bayliss et al (2015), we expected to see better recall performance as the time available for consolidation increased. How the interplay between consolidation and refreshing times would affect recall performance remained an open issue.…”

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confidence: 66%

“…The relationships between consolidation and refreshing have been recently addressed by Bayliss, Bogdanovs, and Jarrold (2015), who used complex span tasks in which lists of letters were presented for further serial recall, each letter being followed by a concurrent task (solving arithmetic problems or reading digits). The time available for consolidation was manipulated by varying the delay interval between each letter and the onset of the concurrent task, which intervened immediately after the letter (immediate condition) or following a delay of either 2,400 ms, in Experiment 1, or 1,000 ms, in Experiment 2 (delayed condition).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thus, Bayliss and colleagues might not have provided compelling evidence that consolidation and refreshing are two separate processes. Moreover, an assessment of the relationships between consolidation and refreshing was made difficult in Bayliss et al (2015) by a peculiarity of the paradigm they used. When there was no delay for consolidation (immediate condition), extra time was added after the processing task to keep the overall retention interval constant across conditions of consolidation.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory

Schrijver

Barrouillet

2017

Psychon Bull Rev

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Consolidation is the process through which ephemeral sensory traces are transformed into more stable short-term memory traces. It has been shown that consolidation plays a crucial role in working memory (WM) performance, by strengthening memory traces that then better resist interference and decay. In a recent study, Bayliss, Bogdanovs, and Jarrold (Journal of Memory and Language, 81, 34-50, 2015) argued that this process is separate from the processes known to restore WM traces after degradation, such as attentional refreshing and verbal rehearsal. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the two types of processes in the context of WM span tasks. Participants were presented with series of letters for serial recall, each letter being followed by four digits for parity judgment. Consolidation opportunity was manipulated by varying the delay between each letter and the first digit to be processed, while opportunities for restoration were manipulated by varying the pace at which the parity task had to be performed (i.e., its cognitive load, or CL). Increasing the time available for either consolidation or restoration resulted in higher WM spans, with some substitutability between the two processes. Accordingly, when consolidation time was added to restoration time in the calculation of CL, the new resulting index, called extended CL, proved a very good predictor of recall performance, a finding also observed when verbal rehearsal was prevented by articulatory suppression. This substitutability between consolidation and restoration suggests that both processes may rely on the same mechanisms.

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confidence: 66%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory

Schrijver

Barrouillet

2017

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…A somewhat different account of time-based memory improvements is the wellrehearsed idea that 'time for consolidation' enhances short-term memory (Bayliss, Bogdanovs & Jarrold, 2015;Jolicoeur & Dell'Acqua, 1998). During an unfilled time interval, memory consolidation can be defined as an active process that works to strengthen a new memory trace so that it can be successfully retrieved at a later point in time (Dewar, Alber, Cowan & Della Sala, 2014;Mercer, 2015).…”

Section: Time For Consolidation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They concluded that "whether or not time-based forgetting will be observed in a working memory task is largely determined by the amount of time allowed for consolidation of working memory" (p. 427). Similarly, Bayliss et al, (2015) varied post-encoding time for lists of consonants by introducing a demanding processing activity either immediately or following a delay (whilst equating retention interval across conditions); they interpreted the impaired performance in the immediate condition as consistent with a consolidation process.…”

Section: Time For Consolidation?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Time manages interference in visual short-term memory

Smith

McKeown

Bunce

2017

Memory

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Emerging evidence suggests that age-related declines in memory may reflect a failure in pattern separation, a process that is believed to reduce the encoding overlap between similar stimulus representations during memory encoding. Indeed, behavioural pattern separation may be indexed by a visual continuous recognition task in which items are presented in sequence and observers report for each whether it is novel, previously viewed (old), or whether it shares features with a previously viewed item (similar). In comparison to young adults, older adults show a decreased pattern separation when the number of items between 'old' and 'similar' items is increased. Yet the mechanisms of forgetting underpinning this type of recognition task are yet to be explored in a cognitively homogenous group, with careful control over the parameters of the task, including elapsing time (a critical variable in models of forgetting). By extending the inter-item intervals, number of intervening items, and overall decay interval, we observed in a young adult sample (N=35, Mage=19.56years) that the critical factor governing performance was inter-item interval. We argue that tasks using behavioural continuous recognition to index pattern separation in immediate memory will benefit from generous inter-item spacing, offering protection from inter-item interference.

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A Decade Later: Adolescents' Memory for Medical Emergencies

Peterson

2015

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Approximately a decade earlier, 39 adolescents (3-5 years old at the time of event occurrence) were interviewed about stressful injuries serious enough to require hospital emergency room treatment. Parent and/or other witnesses were also interviewed to provide a record against which children's recall was compared. Prior to the current follow-up, the adolescents had varying numbers of interviews (2-5), and half had been interviewed 5 years previously, whereas the remainder had not been interviewed for 8 or more years. In spite of the long delay since injury and the young age of the adolescents at the time, their recall of their injury was still excellent in terms of completeness, unique narrative detail, and accuracy, although there was a small decrease in accuracy. However, recall of hospital treatment was poorer and showed significant deterioration over time. In addition, the presence of an interview after 5 years (halfway through the 10-year delay) as well as the number of interviews had no significant effect on 10-year recall of either event, although more interviews tended to make free recall of the injury more detailed.

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Consolidating working memory: Distinguishing the effects of consolidation, rehearsal and attentional refreshing in a working memory span task

Cited by 56 publications

References 40 publications

Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory

Consolidation and restoration of memory traces in working memory

Time manages interference in visual short-term memory

A Decade Later: Adolescents' Memory for Medical Emergencies

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